This includes interference, displacement, and Stereotypes are the _______ component of a negative attitude towards a group of people. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias, the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get, physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone, the principle that frustrationthe blocking of an attempt to achieve some goalcreates anger, which can generate aggression, the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them, an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship, the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined, a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it, revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others, unselfish regard for the welfare of others, the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present, the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs, an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them, an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them, a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas, a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior, mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive, shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation, Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reductiona strategy designed to decrease international tensions. Tensions between, say, a White persons own good intentions, on the one hand, and discomfort with closely interacting with a Black person, on the other hand, may cause the White person to behave stiffly or be distracted. CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Social psychology, Positive illusions, Self-serving bias and more. Consider the utility maximization problem, maxxa+ysubjecttopx+y=m\max x^a+y \quad \text { subject to } p x+y=m 3. a special and definite purpose in a novel or other literary work. In order for a transaction to be recorded in a business accounting records, the effects of the transaction must be faithfully represented. A groups position on the dimensions of warmth and competence dictate whether we relate to its members with admiration, dehumanizing contempt, competitive envy, or paternalistic caretaking. The tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other groups is called. 97 terms. b. exposing them to adult models of aggression. As a result, outgroup disliking stems from this in-group liking (Brewer & Brown, 1998). d. deindividuation. What roles do the evoked set, inert set, and inept set take part in a consumer's information search? The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognition) are inconsistent. A) mirror-image perceptions. credibility. experiments were performed despite mass student protests against the research. On April 30, 2016, the petty cash fund contained vouchers totaling$171.40 plus $26.10 of currency. When it comes to relationships, it is valuable to remember that negative comments usually carry much more weight than positive ones. (Social) unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members. 2022. Outgroup bias is the tendency to dislike or belittle members of groups that we don't identify with. Basically, rumination . The tendency to favor ones own cultural group over other groups is known as A) elitism . For example, by crediting the ingroup for its successes, while blaming external factors for its failures. Consequently, because of the absence of genuine feedback, Yosef is not able to progress like other trainees. This reaction is best explained in terms of: After the events of 9/11, some Americans began boycotting Arab-American stores and lashing out at any person they perceived as Middle Eastern. living in a nice neighborhood denotes ones place in the social hierarchya place reserved for ones in-group members). Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The tendency to favor one's own cultural group over other groups is known as ., The underlying reason why stereotype threat can undermine the performance of members of a group with respect to some ability is that the experience of stereotype threat fosters ., In individualistic cultures, what is NOT one of the four beliefs . The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. Which of the following is true of violent male criminals? Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C. (1971). Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like modern racism, ingroup bias, been more racially prejudiced than others and more. In some countries, women who have been raped are sometimes sentenced to punishment for having violated a law against adultery. Examined the impact of conformity with his famous Line Perception experiment. social class, family, football team etc.) Draw a circle graph with this information. Expert Answer. (1974). c. deindividuation. The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation (external) or the person's disposition (internal). What groups illustrate ambivalent biases, seemingly competent but cold, or warm but incompetent? A confirmation bias is cognitive bias that favors information that confirms your previously existing beliefs or biases. Categories get more complicated when we apply them to humans. divided her class into blue eyes and brown eyes to teach her kids about discrimination. B) ingroup bias. The stereotype content model attends to two major dimensions of evaluating other people: warmth and competence. Receives a utility bill on July 2 totaling $4,560 for services received during June. self-worth. Male 1: Maybe more than anybody else. b. With this preferential perspective for ones own group, people are not punishing the other one so much as neglecting it in favor of their own. A petty cash fund of $200 was established on April 1, 2016. b. the mere exposure effect. other-race effect: the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. In political science, Duverger's law holds that single-ballot majoritarian elections with single-member districts (such as first past the post) tend to favor a two-party system.The discovery of this tendency is attributed to Maurice Duverger, a French sociologist who observed the effect and recorded it in several papers published in the 1950s and 1960s. c. frontal lobes Explaining behaviors based on outside factors influencing and individual. Early. Explanation: It is not true that narcissism is the tendency to view one's own culture or group as superior to others. Sun Microsystems uses the accrual basis of accounting and recognizes revenue at the time it sells goods or renders services. Common stereotypes of people from all sorts of categories and occupations turn out to classify them along these two dimensions (see Figure 1). Around nine-in-ten Americans favor some form of marijuana legalization, according to an April 2021 Pew Research Center survey.An overwhelming majority of U.S. adults (91%) say either that marijuana should be legal for medical and recreational use (60%) or that it should be legal for medical use only (31%).Just 8% say the drug should not be legal in any form. (b) Find the partial derivatives of the demand functions w.r.t. University students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. This is an especially useful way to measure potential biases because it does not simply ask people to openly report on the extent to which they discriminate against others. In the context of psychology, this scenario illustrates ________. Understand subtle, unexamined biases that are automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent. The tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information. Devine and her colleagues (2005) note that automatic prejudices subside when ________. A., & Mellott, D. S. (2002). 1. Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called, Studies of implicit attitudes indicate that prejudice is often, Prejudice can be not only subtle but also automatic and unconscious. a. deindividuation. Employees were reimbursed when they presented petty cash vouchers to the petty cash custodian. They are Canadian, or fans of Manchester United, or are doctors. People are generally faster at pairing their own group with good categories. Because the attributes of group categories can be either good or bad, we tend to favor the groups with people like us and incidentally disfavor the others. Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009). An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. This can be expressed in evaluation of others, in allocation of resources, and in many other ways. For example, a person might not have ever been to a Hindu wedding, but their experience of weddings as a general category can help them know what to expect and how to behave. Prejudice. Influence (conforming) resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. (Blame the Victim). This is an example of: individuals sometimes perform poorly when apprehensive about being stereotyped. How can people learn to get along with people who seem different from them? D) the belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate. c. deindividuation. This reaction is best explained in terms of. The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the: "Teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to stress. a. the bystander effect. Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Glick, P. (2007). Word, C. O., Zanna, M. P., & Cooper, J. a. For instance, Margaret might not be typical (or stereotypical) of an 80-year-old in that she regularly competes in organized half-marathons. Sons are more valued than daughters. 1. The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action, a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people, unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members, Uspeople with whom we share a common identity, Themthose perceived as different or apart from our ingroup, the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame, the tendency to recall faces of ones own race more accurately than faces of other races. Explaining behaviors based on a person's characteristics; traits, maturity, etc. The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the . The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. Then create a word search puzzle using the sentences-without the word as clues. Racial stereotypes of one hundred college students. These two simple dimensionswarmth and competencetogether map how groups relate to each other in society. : Men are more intelligent. Sherif planned a disruption of the water supply in a Boy Scout camp in order to observe how social relationships are influenced by, Pablo and Sabina argued bitterly about which of them should have use of the family car that night. Like most students in her school, she believes that Carson Elementary School is the best school in town. Just 80 years ago, American college students unabashedly thought Turkish people were cruel, very religious, and treacherous (Katz & Braly, 1933). After Manny's father refused to let him use the family car on Friday night, Manny let all the air out of the tires. According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that. the preference for order, clarity, and conventional values) and conservative beliefs. d. encouraging them to engage in more thoughtful moral reasoning. . The test itself is rather simple (and you can experience it yourselfhere). This means seeing women, minorities, homosexuals, and non-believers as inferior. Three pathways by which self-concept can shape how we communicate are self-esteem, self-monitoring, and Multiple Choice self-serving bias. 2. Specifically, people see members of an outgroup as more similar to one another in personality than they actually are. C) Having an unreasonable fear of those who are different from you. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. Historical examples abound. python 3d scatter plot with labels; b. Conformity Her explanation for the accident provides and example of. For instance, the constitution of the United States attempted to ensure that all people were represented by the government and could participate in the creation of government. Distinguish blatant biases from subtle biases. p.)\left.p.\right)p.). b. We group household objects together as furniture, certain domestic animals as pets, and certain books as classics. Categories are helpful because they provide a mental roadmap for how to interact in novel situations. a. more; less This fact is consistent with the principle that ________ breeds prejudice. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting discomfort by changing our attitudes. b. implicit prejudice. The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet. Ingroup bias, or ingroup favoritism, is a bias in which people tend to favor people who exist in similar groups as them. For example, the interviewer might hold a negative view of women and, without even realizing it, act distant and withdrawn while interviewing the female candidate. Just that morning, a court officer had confiscated a juror's copy of The New York Post with the case on the cover. QUESTION 23 The tendency to apply one's own cultural values in judging the behavior and beliefs of people raised in other cultures is known as cultural relativism cultural universalism ethnocentrism egocentrism QUESTION 24 Foraging societies practice what . Although research has shown that people higher in SDO are more likely to be politically conservative, there are other traits that more strongly predict ones SDO. The nonverbal mediation of self-fulfilling prophecies in interracial interaction. Do you know more people from different kinds of social groups than your parents did? D) Relating to several _____ is the tendency to attribute one's own characteristics to other people. Research on how we categorize social information suggests that Joie is most likely to believe that most: Es gratis registrarse y presentar tus propuestas laborales. View quiz 5 psych 312.docx from PSYCH 312 at Liberty University. Indicate the amount of expenses (if any) the firm recognizes during the months of June, July, and August in each of the following hypothetical transactions. frustration-aggression principle., The tendency to favor one's own group, the group with whom we share a common identity, is called: a. a social trap. c. offering them opportunities to play violent video games when they feel angry. In fact, this finding generally holds regardless of whether ones group is measured according race, age, religion, nationality, and even temporary, insignificant memberships. d. vivid cases. For example, researchers have found that those who score higher on SDO are usually lower than average on tolerance, empathy, altruism, and community orientation. For the following sentence, make corrections in end mark, period, and comma usage as needed. A change in behavior following a demand from an authority figure. b. After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all conclude that Ms. Akey is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. During lunch a group of computer science majors were discussing their choice of field. Social Sciences. An unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. The finding that the greater the number of people who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help, the tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain, apprehension about confirming negative stereotypes related to one's own group, the tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic. Rumination refers to the tendency to repetitively think about the causes, situational factors, and consequences of one's negative emotional experience (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991). Classic examples of blatant bias include the views of members of hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan and members of Hitlers Nazi party. c. outgroup bias. The jury deliberated on the rape case for over 8 hours. Calls for national unity and patriotism that do not tolerate dissenting voices are an example. D) the effects of exposure to violent pornography. "teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to severe stress. Groupthink: . a. Notably, the combination of high RWA and high SDO predicts joining hate groups that openly endorse aggression against minority groups, immigrants, homosexuals, and believers in non-dominant religions (Altemeyer, 2004). Black people tend to dress pretty much alike. For example, someone high in SDO would likely be upset if someone from an outgroup moved into her neighborhood. Dispositional (Internal) Attribution Theory. tendency. Researchers suggested three possible reasons that why watching TV is negatively linked to children's achievement. To illustrate this pattern, we turn to two ideologies related to bias. For example, the SDO gender difference (men higher, women lower) appears all over the world. (Mob Mentality), The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. A) the tendency to favor members of one's own group. Indicators of aversive racism correlate with discriminatory behavior, despite being the ambiguous result of good intentions gone bad. Examined the impact of social roles and authority on behavior with his famous Stanford Prison experiment. Despite its name, though, RWA is not necessarily limited to people on the right (conservatives). People have always and still do openly dehumanize outgroup members and harbor hostile attitudes toward them. When she gets home in the evening, she criticizes her friend's choice of restaurant for dinner. The point is that SDOa preference for inequality as normal and naturalalso predicts endorsing the superiority of certain groups: men, native-born residents, heterosexuals, and believers in the dominant religion. For example, if two classes of children want to play on the same soccer field, the classes will come to dislike each other not because of any real, objectionable traits about the other group. Social categorization and intergroup behaviour. a. a dispositional attribution. c. the social-responsibility norm. Although categorizing can be useful, it can also result in serious and negative consequences when labels are associated with a person or groups worth. People who score higher on the scale show more ingroup favoritism in comparison with those who score lower on it (Stangor & Thompson, 2002). which people belonged to were an important source of pride and self-esteem. Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2010). Thus, those high inSDO see groups as battling each other for these resources, with winners at the top of the social hierarchy and losers at the bottom (see Table 1). Manson, J. H. (2020). The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group: Term. "learners" received painful electric shocks even if they had heart problems. We categorize people according to their citizenship, gender, allegiance to a sports team, and university affiliation, among other qualities. d. ingroup bias., Kelly is a Republican and Carlos is a Democrat. B) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. These small interactions can have devastating effects on the hopeful interviewees ability to perform well (Word, Zanna, & Cooper, 1974). June 7, 2022 1 Views. Neither realized, however, that Sabina needed the car only in the early evening and that Pablo needed it only in the late evening. Narcissism is the tendency to view one's own culture or group as superior to others is a false statement. But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. a. desensitizing them to violent acts. A tendency to favor one's own group is called: been more racially prejudiced than others. These four kinds of stereotypes and their associated emotional prejudices (see Figure 2) occur all over the world and apply to each societys own groups. model of love based on three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment; several types of love exist, depending on the presence or absence of each of these components. B) Having the belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group. a. This might remind you of self-determination theory, with its focus on autonomy, relatedness, and competence. "Them"those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup. However, imagine if every time you ate ice cream, you got a brain freeze. Other-race Effect: Definition. B) d. father care. They have relatively high levels of serotonin and low levels of testosterone. It applies U.S. GAAP and reports in U.S. dollars. 33. Beth believes that all sorority members are unintelligent and self-centered. Tajfel (1979) proposed that the groups (e.g. This is an example of: Elena's boss fires her because he is downsizing his company. d. sensory cortex. Instead, when he returns home, he shouts at his son for playing video games. By understanding this natural human tendency, you can focus on finding ways to cut other people a break and to stop expecting the worst. Categories . Scapegoat Theory: . This episode provides an example of, A business leader who welcomes a variety of opinions from subordinates and invites experts' critiques of her company's developing plans is most likely to inhibit. We naturally categorize people by age, language, occupation, ethnicity, income, and many other qualities. Study Resources. Which branch of psychology is most connected with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another, Attribution theory was designed to account for, Ksana insists that her boyfriends car accident resulted form his carelessness. Finally, the tendency to categorize can be associated with discrimination. Cindy's reaction best illustrates, People's physical attractiveness is unrelated to their, In an experiment by Dutton and Aron, one group of men were asked by an attractive woman to complete a short questionnaire immediately after they had crossed a swaying footbridge suspended 230 feet above the Capilano River. the tendency to favor our own group. Discrimination is a behavior bias against a person (or group) based on stereotyped beliefs about that group. The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. Being aware of our own tendency to fixate on the negative is also important. attitude. What is faithful representation, and why is it important. 29 terms. c. The need to be accepted by others is a powerful motivating force. And a stereotypical old person would be seen as high in warmth but lower in competence. Or even ageist people who feel fond of older adults but, at the same time, view them as incompetent to support themselves and worry about the burden they place on public welfare programs. This shows that: The "we" aspect of our self-concept is what social psychologists call: people's motivation to avoid prejudice is internal. Ingroup favoritismthe tendency to favor members of one's own group over those in other groupsis well documented, but the mechanisms driving this behavior are not well understood. Situational (External) Attribution Theory. c. blood alcohol. What is NOT a reason why watching media violence have negative consequences. "teachers" actually seemed to enjoy shocking the "learners.". This is the term that refers to a positive attitude . d. neural influences contribute to aggressive behavior in men but not in women. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is sometimes called the ________ gene. As a result, the White person may give a good excuse to avoid such awkward situations. c. social facilitation. Under the proper circumstances, most people can suppress their natural aggressiveness. In individualistic cultures, what is NOT one of the four beliefs that parents have identified as necessary for adolescent autonomy? Turner, J. C. (1975). If people do not want to invite Margaret on vacation because they fear that she will move too slowly (a common view of older people) then they are discriminating against her. that most people like women more than men. Betty and Tina are in the third grade. Social facilitation refers to the tendency to, Perform well learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others, Expert pool players were observed to make 71 percent of their shots when alone. What does the term multicultural mean? For example, if you were asked to categorize ice cream as good or bad, you might quickly categorize it as good. Assume that p,q,rp, q, rp,q,r, and sss represent propositions, Do you or someone you know believe that group hierarchies are inevitable? Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like social identity theory observations, Reza is a male, Muslim, and Persian. One explanation is that historical biases were widespread and institutionalized. -cies. Even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process. Discrimination and the implicit association test.