This fluidity even in Roman times resulted in much more uncertainty in Medieval Latin. Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is Copyright 2009-2022, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. However, its plural, mlia, is a plural third-declension i-stem neuter noun. The good news is that masculine and feminine nouns use the same set of endings. Sample sentences with "magis" Declension Stem . Genitive and dative cases are seldom used. I like the old car more than the new. However, in Britain and countries influenced by Britain, the Latin cases are usually given in the following order: nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative. To write the phrase "four thousand horses" in Latin, the genitive is used: quattuor mlia equrum, literally, "four thousands of horses". Some adjectives are compared by means of the adverbs magis (more) . For example, ('father-in-law') keeps its e. However, the noun ('(school)master') drops its e in the genitive singular. Some nouns are one gender in the singular, but become another gender in the plural. Pure i-stems are indicated by special neuter endings. The 3rd declension includes all three genders: masculines and feminines have the same endings in all cases. Latin declension is the set of patterns according to which Latin words are declinedthat is, have their endings altered to show grammatical case, number and gender. redicturi dictionary. for the adjectival form. 123. As in English, adjectives have superlative and comparative forms. Q&A for work. The genitive of nouns in -ius or -ium ended, until the Augustan Age, in a single -; These are facilis, difficilis, similis, dissimilis, gracilis, humilis. [8] The genitive plural virum is found in poetry.[9]. Pronouns are also of two kinds, the personal pronouns such as 'I' and 'you ', which have their own irregular declension, and the third-person pronouns such as 'this' and 'that' which can generally be used either as pronouns or adjectivally. There are also several more rare numerals, e.g., distributive numerals and adverbial numerals. The rest of the numbers are indeclinable whether used as adjectives or as nouns. Pronouns have also an emphatic form bi using the suffix -met (egomet, tte/ttemet, nosmet, vosmet), used in all cases, except by the genitive plural forms. Grammar and declension of magis . These have a single nominative ending for all genders, although as usual the endings for the other cases vary. In poetry, -um may substitute -rum as the genitive plural ending. To provide readers of Greek and Latin with high interest texts equipped with media, vocabulary, and grammatical, historical, and stylistic notes. There are two mixed-declension neuter nouns: ('heart') and ('bone'). chihuahua puppies for sale in ky craigslist; how to change line spacing in outlook signature; best minehut plugins for survival Tum sane cum maxime misericordiam meretur hominum, quibus bene fecit; quam tamen non recipit. Adjectives (in the first and second as well as third declensions) that have masculine nominative singular forms ending in -er are slightly different. Most nouns, however, have accusative singular -em.[17]. This fluidity even in Roman times resulted in much more uncertainty in Medieval Latin. To express possession, the possessive pronouns (essentially adjectives) meus, tuus, noster, vester are used, declined in the first and second declensions to agree in number and case with the thing possessed, e.g. There is a small class of masculine exceptions generally referring to occupations, e.g. Site Management magis latin declension Some adjectives, however, like the one-ending vetus, veteris ('old, aged'), have -e in the ablative singular, -um in the genitive plural, and -a in the nominative and accusative neuter plural. Philipps at Philippi (cf. nominative ('athlete') instead of the original athlts. The pure declension is characterized by having - in the ablative singular, -ium in the genitive plural, -ia in the nominative and accusative plural neuter, and -im in the accusative singular masculine and feminine (however, adjectives have -em). ('road') and ('water'). flie "[O] son", archaic vocative of flius. [1], "There are six cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative and ablative.". Here, then is shown the reason for which the epistle was written, i.e. The inflection of deus, de ('god') is irregular. The third declension is the largest group of nouns. However, with personal pronouns (first and second person), the reflexive and the interrogative, -cum is added onto the end of the ablative form. Third declension nouns can be masculine, feminine, or neuter. Latin-falis Group includes: Latin, was spoken in central-western Italy. patins(patient),patientior, patientissimus Whether this is true of teachers, declining and declension are facts of life that all Latin nouns must face. However, some forms have been assimilated. This group of nouns includes masculine, neuter, and feminine nouns. The locative endings for the third declension are - or -e (singular) and -ibus (plural), as in 'in the country' and 'at Tralles'.[15]. Declension of proelium, declension tables of many Latin nouns, with all cases. Therefore, they are declined in the third declension, but they are not declined as i-stems. magister m ( genitive magistr, feminine magistra ); second declension. The fifth declension is a small group of nouns consisting of mostly feminine nouns like ('affair, matter, thing') and dis, di ('day'; but in names of days). they had had contentions and disagreements between the disciples; unity, however, among their masters. For the comparative of vetus, vetustior(from vetustus) is used. The nominative is formed from the stem by adding s in masculines and feminines, and m in neuters, the vowel being weakened to (see 6. a and 46. As with second-declension -r nouns, some adjectives retain the e throughout inflection, and some omit it. There are also several more rare numerals, e.g., distributive numerals and adverbial numerals. The second declension is a large group of nouns consisting of mostly masculine nouns like ('horse') and ('boy') and neuter nouns like ('fort'). The fourth declension also includes several neuter nouns including gen, gens n. ('knee'). "-" is the shortcut for "this form does not exist", Terms and Conditions | Privacy Policy | Impressum, Copyright Erhalt und Digitalisierung indoeuropischer Sprachen. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is a. Duo is declined irregularly, trs is declined like a third-declension plural adjective, -cent ('hundred') numerals decline like first- and second-declension adjectives, and mlle is invariable in the singular and declined like a third-declension i-stem neuter noun in the plural: The plural endings for nus are used with plrlia tantum nouns, e. g. na castra (one [military] camp), nae sclae (one ladder). Medieval Latin was the form of Literary Latin used in Roman Catholic Western Europe during the Middle Ages.In this region it served as the primary written language, though local languages were also written to varying degrees. There are five declensions in Latin, and they don't have any special names like the cases do; they're just called by their order: first declension, second declension, third declension, fourth declension, and fifth declension. Usually, to show the ablative of accompaniment, would be added to the ablative form. The locative endings for the second declension are - (singular) and -s (plural); "at Corinth", "at Milan", and "at Philippi".[6]. The first and second persons are irregular, and both pronouns are indeclinable for gender; and the third person reflexive pronoun s, su always refers back to the subject, regardless of whether the subject is singular or plural. Pure i-stems are indicated by special neuter endings. (Nepos)[22], "The senators sent ambassadors to Bithynia, who were to ask the king not to keep their greatest enemy with him but hand him over to them.". The genitive singular is the same as the nominative plural in first-, second-, and fourth-declension masculine and feminine pure Latin nouns. freakin' unbelievable burgers nutrition facts. and Abl.Abs.. Domus ('house, dwelling, building, home, native place, family, household, race') is an irregular noun, mixing fourth and second declension nouns at the same time (especially in literature). Pronouns have also an emphatic form bi using the suffix -met (/,,), used in all cases, except by the genitive plural forms. The feminine ends in -ris, and the neuter ends in -re. facilis (easy),facilior, facillimus[stemfacili-]. Latin - English, English - Latin. For instance, many masculine nouns end in -or (amor, amris, 'love'). their endings alter to show grammatical case).A set of declined forms of the same word pattern is called a declension.There are five declensions, which are numbered and grouped by ending and grammatical gender.For simple declension paradigms, visit the Wiktionary appendices: First declension . (1-f marked in pink; 2-m in cyan blue; 3-M/F in light green.) 1895 . The dative is always the same as the ablative in the singular in the second declension, the third-declension full. ('house, dwelling, building, home, native place, family, household, race') is an irregular noun, mixing fourth and second declension nouns at the same time (especially in literature). Originally spoken by small groups of people living along the lower Tiber River, Latin spread with the increase of Roman political power, first throughout Italy and then throughout most of western and southern Europe and the central and western Mediterranean coastal . Note A form of diminutive is made upon the stem of some comparatives. The accusative plural ending -s is found in early Latin up to Virgil, but from the early empire onwards it was replaced by -s. The weak demonstrative pronoun,, 'that' also serves as the third person pronoun 'he, she, it': This pronoun is also often used adjectivally, e.g. In accusative case, the forms mm and tt exist as emphatic, but they are not widely used. Neutrals, as nom en (name). and quid 'what?' Sacer, sacra, sacrum omits its e while miser, misera, miserum keeps it. Stems indicated by the parisyllabic rule are usually mixed, occasionally pure. Find lex (Noun) in the Latin Online Dictionary with English meanings, all fabulous forms & inflections and a conjugation table: lex, legis, legi, legem, leges, legum Mixed i-stems are indicated by the double consonant rule. So vetus (gen. veteris) has superlative veterrimus, from the old form veter and mtrus, besides its regular superlative (mtrissimus), has a rare form mtrrimus. Each noun follows one of the five declensions, but some irregular nouns have exceptions. Or you can "bend your body aside" to avoid a spear. The nominative singular form consists of the stem and the ending -a, and the genitive singular form is the stem plus -ae. As with their corresponding adjectival forms, first and second declensions adjectives ending in -eus or -ius use magis and maxim as opposed to distinct endings. It has no possessive adjective; the genitive is used instead: pater eius 'his/her father'; pater erum 'their father'. That is: 'with me', 'with us', 'with you',, and (sometimes). The third declension also has a set of nouns that are declined differently. In re militari, [et] in administranda rep. Suetonij Tranquilli de Claris Grammaticis, [et] Rhetoribus. Type the complete Latin word (also declined or conjugated). Cookie policy. The locative endings for the fourth declension are. Find mulier (Noun) in the Latin Online Dictionary with English meanings, all fabulous forms & inflections and a conjugation table: mulier, mulieris, mulieri, mulierem, mulieres, mulierum Many adjectives in -uus, except those in -quus or -guus, also follow this rule. Note But pius has piissimus in the superlative, a form condemned by Cicero, but common in inscriptions; equally common, however, is the irregular pientissimus. nus, na, num is declined like a first- and second-declension pronoun with -us or -ius in the genitive, and - in the dative. As with adjectives, there are irregular adverbs with peculiar comparative and superlative forms. vatican.va They are: Third-declension adjectives are normally declined like third-declension i-stem nouns, except for the fact they usually have - rather than -e in the ablative singular (unlike i-stem nouns, in which only pure i-stems have -). Archaic (Homeric) first declension Greek nouns and adjectives had been formed in exactly the same way as in Latin: nephelgerta Zeus ('Zeus the cloud-gatherer') had in classical Greek become nephelgerts. Greek nouns in the second declension are derived from the Omicron declension. malevolus(spiteful), malevolentior, malevolentissimus, mgnificus(grand), mgnificentior, mgnificentissimus. The vocative singular of deus is not attested in Classical Latin. However, the locative is limited to a few nouns: generally names of cities, small islands and a few other words. The word ('both'), is declined like duo except that its o is long. Stems indicated by the parisyllabic rule are usually mixed, occasionally pure. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is a. Nam, cum vita hominum, ut nunc est, oculis obversatur nostris, sponte fit ut metu. The weak demonstrative pronoun is, ea, id 'that' also serves as the third person pronoun 'he, she, it': This pronoun is also often used adjectivally, e.g. Other adjectives such as belong to the third declension. The ending for the masculine and feminine is -is, and the ending for the neuter is -e. It is not necessary to give the genitive, as it is the same as the nominative masculine singular. maledicus(slanderous),maledcentior, maledcentissimus For example, the stem of px, pcis f. 'peace' is pc-, the stem of flmen, flminis n. 'river' is flmin-, and the stem of fls, flris m. 'flower' is flr-. The numeral ('one hundred') is indeclinable, but all the other hundred numerals are declinable . These have a single nominative ending for all genders, although as usual the endings for the other cases vary. Create a free Team Why Teams? Terra Viridis in Latin dictionary . The cardinal numbers 'one', 'two', and 'three' also have their own declensions (nus has genitive -us like a pronoun), and there are also numeral adjectives such as 'a pair, two each', which decline like ordinary adjectives. The nominative singular form consists of the stem and the ending -a, and the genitive singular form is the stem plus -ae. Some masculine nouns of the second declension end in -er or -ir in the nominative singular. They are declined irregularly in the singular, but sometimes treated as native Latin nouns, e.g. For regular first and second declension and third declension adjectives with one or two endings, the comparative is formed by adding -ior for the masculine and feminine, and -ius for the neuter to the stem. The locative endings for the fourth declension are, a few geographical names are plural such as. Furthermore, in addition to the complications of gender, third declension nouns can be consonant-stem or i-stem.. Neuter nouns generally have a nominative singular consisting of the stem and the ending -um. are usually used for the pronominal form, qu and quod 'which?' This order was first introduced in Benjamin Hall Kennedy's Latin Primer (1866), with the aim of making tables of declensions easier to recite and memorise (the first three and the last two cases having identical forms in several declensions). FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION ADJECTIVE Latin : magnus, -a, -um English : big/great/large/loud The pronoun or pronominal adjective means 'the same'. Gildersleeve and Lodge's Latin Grammar of 1895, also follows this order. The first declension also includes three types of Greek loanwords, derived from Ancient Greek's alpha declension. magis proprie nihil possum dicere, ad unguem factus homo, Antoni, non ut magis alter, amicus, tacitae magis et occultae inimicitiae timendae sunt quam indictae atque apertae, claves fraude amotas magis ratus quam neglegentia intercidisse, argentum magis quam aurum sequuntur nulla affectione animi, agitabatur magis magisque in dies animus ferox inopia rei familiaris, ad omnes casus subitorum periculorum magis obiecti sumus quam si abessemus, Carthago, quam Iuno fertur terris magis omnibus unam coluisse, benevolentia magis adductus, quam quo res ita postularet longior, apud Graecos aliquanto magis quam in ceteris nationibus exculta est, amicitias magis decere censent sapientes sensim diluere quam repente praecidere, vobis dedi bona certa, mansura, quanto magis versaverit aliquis meliora maioraque, Cicero illam inter deos Romuli receptionem putatam magis significat esse quam factam, nam postea quae fecerit incertum habeo pudeat magis an pigeat disserere, brevi perfamiliaris haberi trahique magis quam vellet in arcanos sermones est coeptus, M. Curtium castigasse ferunt dubitantes, an ullum magis Romanum bonum quam arma virtusque esset, vix statui posse, utrum, quae pro se, an quae contra fratrem petiturus esset, ab senatu magis inpetrabilia forent. There are several different kinds of numeral words in Latin: the two most common are cardinal numerals and ordinal numerals. nominative athlta ('athlete') instead of the original athlts. Nine first and second declension pronominal adjectives are irregular in the genitive and the dative in all genders. The first and second persons are irregular, and both pronouns are indeclinable for gender; and the third person reflexive pronoun s, su always refers back to the subject, regardless of whether the subject is singular or plural. Teams. are usually used for the pronominal form, and 'which?' Some nouns are one gender in the singular, but become another gender in the plural. ant and dec santander advert cast. Translation of "magis" into English. Links to resources for finding sight reading passages of moderate difficulty, most with glosses. Call us : 954-649-1972. wortman family alaska When 'his' or 'her' refers to someone else, not the subject, the genitive pronoun eius (as well as erum and erum) 'of him' is used instead of suus: Fit obviam Clodi ante fundum eius. Also, the mixed declension is used in the plural-only adjective ('most'). The stem of the noun can be identified by the form of the genitive singular as well. There are five declensions, which are numbered and grouped by ending and grammatical gender. a. Participles when used as adjectives are regularly compared. Dickinson College CommentariesDepartment of Classical StudiesDickinson CollegeCarlisle, PA 17013 USAdickinsoncommentaries@gmail.com(717) 245-1493. Noun used with genitive to express more of something in the singular; in the plural used as an adjective: Nominative and dative are not attested except as the name of the goddess, Gildersleeve & Lodge 15, Allen & Greenough 12, 49c, Chambers's Etymological Dictionary Enlarged Edition 1931, June 1999 issue of ASM News by the American Society for Microbiology, Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 17:57, frgidissimus, frgidissima, frgidissimum, pugncissimus, pugncissima, pugncissimum, benevolentissimus, benevolentissima, benevolentissium, aequlissimus, aequlissima, aequlissimum, difficillimus, difficillima, difficillimum, dissimillimus, dissimillima, dissimillimum, Nuntii Latini: Finnish Broadcasting Company (Radiophonia Finnica Generalis). Adverbs' comparative forms are identical to the nominative neuter singular of the corresponding comparative adjective. The rest of the numbers are indeclinable whether used as adjectives or as nouns. lake tobias donation request; who is running for governor of illinois in 2022; investec interview questions; low risk sic codes for businesses; customer experience puns; how old is andy kelly bering sea gold; The inflection of ('god') is irregular. Superlatives are formed by adding -issimus, -issima, -issimum to the stem and are thus declined like first and second declension adjectives. The Comparative is regularly formed by adding -ior (neuter -ius),1 the Superlative by adding -issimus (-a, -um), to the stem of the Positive, which loses its final vowel. In the third declension, there are four irregular nouns. However, in Britain and countries influenced by Britain, the Latin cases are usually given in the following order: nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative. Iulij Obsequentis Prodigiorum liber. Latin declension is the set of patterns according to which Latin words are declinedthat is, have their endings altered to show grammatical case, number and gender.Nouns, pronouns, and adjectives are declined (verbs are conjugated), and a given pattern is called a declension.There are five declensions, which are numbered and grouped by ending and grammatical gender. In accusative case, the forms mm and tt exist as emphatic, but they are not widely used. All demonstrative, relative, and indefinite pronouns in Latin can also be used adjectivally, with some small differences; for example in the interrogative pronoun, quis 'who?' Corinth at Corinth. In terms of linguistics and grammar, conjugation has two basic meanings. Equivalent to magis (more or great) + Proto-Indo-European *-teros. The following are the most notable patterns of syncretism: Old Latin had essentially two patterns of endings. 0004373 PARISH REGISTER LATIN: AN INTRODUCTION C. Russell Jensen, Ph.D. Third-declension adjectives that have two endings have one form for the masculine and feminine, and a separate form for the neuter. Adjectives ending -ius use the vocative -ie (brie, "[O] drunk man", vocative of brius), just as in Old Latin all -ius nouns did (flie, "[O] son", archaic vocative of flius). The plural interrogative pronouns are the same as the plural relative pronouns. This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 01:13. They may also change in meaning. This order was first introduced in Benjamin Hall Kennedy's Latin Primer (1866), with the aim of making tables of declensions easier to recite and memorise. Like third and second declension -r nouns, the masculine ends in -er. Each noun follows one of the five declensions, but some irregular nouns have exceptions. 128. ISBN: 978-1-947822-04-7. . azure devops pipeline trigger path filter. Adverbs are not declined. The possessive adjective vester has an archaic variant, voster; similar to noster. To write the phrase "four thousand horses" in Latin, the genitive is used: quattuor mlia equrum, literally, "four thousands of horses". As with second-declension -r nouns, some adjectives retain the e throughout inflection, and some omit it. They may also change in meaning. omits its e while keeps it. Literature Compare minister. The stem of the noun can be identified by the form of the genitive singular as well. As with normal adjectives, the comparative is formed by adding -ior to the stem, but for the superlative, -rimus is added to the nominative masculine singular. As in most languages, Latin has adjectives that have irregular comparatives and superlatives. Nouns, pronouns, and adjectives are declined (verbs are conjugated), and a given pattern is called a declension. There are five declensions for Latin nouns: Nouns of this declension usually end in -a in the nominative singular and are mostly feminine, e.g. However, most third declension adjectives with one ending simply add -er to the stem. Some first- and second-declension adjectives' masculine forms end in -er. Verbum sua semper pallet praestantia atque efficacitate, Quam ob rem, non impellentibus populo et institutionibus, obsistetur usque actioni, immo, i) Dicasteria et Curiae Romanae Instituta adiuvat et ab iisdem adiutricem operam accipiet in negotiis ad eorum officium pertinentibus, quae aliquo modo vitam curamque pastoralem afficiunt familiarum, in iis potissimum quae pertinent ad catechesim familiae, ad theologicam de ipsa familia institutionem iuvenum in Seminariis et in Universitatibus catholicis, ad theologicam et pastoralem de iis quae sunt familiae propriis formationem ac educationem futurorum missionariorum et missionariarum necnon religiosorum ac religiosarum, ad operam Sanctae Sedis apud institutiones internationales cum auctoritate hac in re et apud singulas Civitates, quo, Quare immerito pronuntiant quidam dominium honestumque eius usum iisdem contineri limitibus; multoque, Etiam hac in re oportet considerare formam, Quem ad modum ceteris coram rebus, multo etiam, Quidquid id est, valet etiamnum in novo Catholicae Ecclesiae Catechismo significatum principium, ex quo: Si instrumenta incruenta sufficiunt ad vitas humanas defendendas ab aggressore et ad ordinem publicum tuendum simulque personarum securitatem, auctoritas his utatur instrumentis, utpote quae melius respondeant concretis boni communis condicionibus et sint dignitati personae humanae, Multum igitur cupientes, ut indicendae celebritates ad christianae vitae mansurum profectum quam, Industriam praeterea necesse est exacuere Coetuum, qui aut in tota dioecesi aut in singulis paroeciis Missionibus favent; idque praesertim efficiendum est et sociorum. 124. vatican.va. Heterogeneous nouns are nouns which vary in respect to gender. The second declension is a large group of nouns consisting of mostly masculine nouns like equus, equ ('horse') and puer, puer ('boy') and neuter nouns like castellum, castell ('fort'). Declension of oppidum Third Declension Noun Endings. [8] The genitive plural virum is found in poetry.[9]. The pronoun or pronominal adjective dem, eadem, idem means 'the same'. Mixed i-stems are indicated by the double consonant rule. Relative, demonstrative and indefinite pronouns are generally declined like first and second declension adjectives, with the following differences: These differences characterize the pronominal declension, and a few special adjectives (ttus 'whole', slus 'alone', nus 'one', nllus 'no', alius 'another', alter 'another [of two]', etc.) grandius-culus a little larger (see 243). 16 Jun June 16, 2022. magis latin declension. There are several small groups of feminine exceptions, including names of gemstones, plants, trees, and some towns and cities. Each declension can be unequivocally identified by the ending of the genitive singular (-ae, -i, -is, -s, -ei). Latin conjugation. The genitive is the same as the nominative feminine singular. cer(keen),crior, cerrimus The word mlle 'thousand' is a singular indeclinable adjective. 15000 characters left today. redicturi conjugation. The vocative singular masculine of meus is m: m Attice 'my dear Atticus'.[19]. Some nouns are only used in the singular (singulare tantum) such as: Some nouns are only used in the plural (plurale tantum), or when plural have a singular meaning such as: Indeclinable nouns are nouns which only have one form in all cases (of the singular). magis latin declension; magis latin declension. more, rather, but rather are the top translations of "magis" into English. is homo 'that man', ea pecunia 'that money'. So especially adjectives in -us preceded by e or i. idneus(fit), magis idneus, maxim idneus. Adjectives (in the first and second as well as third declensions) that have masculine nominative singular forms ending in -er are slightly different. pretty polly sheer shine tights magis latin declension. 49.a. Each declension can be unequivocally identified by the ending of the genitive singular (-ae, -i, -is, -s, -ei). and 'what?' Dit in rgia manbat, et gratus rginae animo erat hospes formdsus. WikiMatrix. However, numeral adjectives such as bn 'a pair, two each' decline like ordinary adjectives. ingredient in ice cream that causes diarrhea . UNIQUE (SINGLE-CASE & DECLENSION) ENDINGS ONLY. Unless otherwise stated, the content of this page is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License However, their meanings remain the same. Likewise, ('father'), ('mother'), ('brother'), and ('parent') violate the double-consonant rule. Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v6rLLE48RL0, https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?target=la&all_words=puere, https://web.archive.org/web/20170728043240/interrete.de/latein/nuntiifinarch1.html, https://de.pons.com/%C3%BCbersetzung?l=dela&q=virus, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=33n1qYq9Liw, C. Plinii Secvndi Novocomensis Epistolarum libri X.: Eiusdem Panegyricus Traiano Principi dictus. Therefore, they are declined in the third declension, but they are not declined as i-stems. is declined like a first- and second-declension pronoun with -us or -ius in the genitive, and - in the dative. First- and second-declension adjectives are inflected in the masculine, the feminine and the neuter; the masculine form typically ends in -us (although some end in -er, see below), the feminine form ends in -a, and the neuter form ends in -um. It is also used in France[3] and Belgium.[4]. Lit. This Latin word is probably related to the Greek (ios) meaning "venom" or "rust" and the Sanskrit word via meaning "toxic, poison". [10], Since vrus in antiquity denoted something uncountable, it was a mass noun. A few nouns in the second declension occur in both the neuter and masculine.