(a) Delta waves, which are low frequency and high amplitude, characterize (b) slow-wave stage 3 and stage 4 sleep. What Is Inflammation? Types, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Latent content, on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream. Narcoleptic episodes take on other features of REM sleep. While caffeine may have some indirect effects on dopamine neurotransmission, its primary mechanism of action involves antagonizing adenosine activity (Porkka-Heiskanen, 2011). A person withrestless leg syndromehas uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep. One particular aspect of the internal state is that a method applied to the object being in a defined internal state (= a specific set of all its attributes' value) will result in another, also defined (and reproducible) internal state. Avoid alcohol, cigarettes, caffeine, and heavy meals before bed. With repeated use of many central nervous system depressants, such as alcohol, a person becomes physically dependent upon the substance and will exhibit signs of both tolerance and withdrawal. There is a trend that females report more somatic symptoms than males; thus, more females are diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder than males (APA, 2022). Words To Describe Symptoms | Adjectives For Symptoms - SearchSentences Acontinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)device includes a mask that fits over the sleepers nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the persons airways, forcing them to remain open, as shown inFigure 4.13. While hypnosis may be useful in enhancing memory or a skill, such enhancements are very modest in nature (Raz, 2011). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Symptoms) | Center for the Treatment There are a variety of drugs that treat restless leg syndrome: benzodiazepines, opiates, and anticonvulsants (Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation, n.d.). Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. One important regulator of sleep-wake cycles is the hormonemelatonin. Psychological dependence, or drug craving, is a recent addition to the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder in DSM-5. Biological rhythmsare internal rhythms of biological activity. Interestingly, since the advent of electric light, the amount of sleep that people get has declined. In other words, dreaming involves constructing a virtual reality in our heads that we might use to help us during wakefulness. Sleep is not a uniform state of being. Recent adaptations (e.g., Hobson, 2002) continue to update the theory based on accumulating evidence. describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. This becomes a self-perpetuating cycle because increased anxiety leads to increased arousal, and higher levels of arousal make the prospect of falling asleep even more unlikely. If you get peritoneal dialysis, peritonitis symptoms also may include: Cloudy dialysis fluid. Loss of appetite. Insomnia, a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep, is the most common of the sleep disorders. Drug withdrawal is usually an aversive experience, and it can be a life-threatening process in individuals who have a long history of very high doses of alcohol and/or barbiturates. As scary as it sounds, many sleep researchers believe that homicidal sleepwalking is possible in individuals suffering from the types of sleep disorders described below (Broughton et al., 1994; Cartwright, 2004; Mahowald, Schenck, & Cramer Bornemann, 2005; Pressman, 2007). An agonist facilitates the activity of a neurotransmitter system, and antagonists impede neurotransmitter activity. During this time, there is a slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat. In her case, the fact that her cataplexy was confined to the right side of her body was quite unusual. Natural opioids, calledopiates, are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant. All of the following are true statements concerning the health of Americans EXCEPT: a. mortality rates from smoking have declined. Signs and Symptoms | Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever | CDC Adepressantis a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity. There may be many factors that contribute to insomnia, including age, drug use, exercise, mental status, and bedtime routines. Recently, a new EPAP (expiratory positive air pressure) device has shown promise in double-blind trials as one such alternative (Berry, Kryger, & Massie, 2011). Research indicates that meditation may help reduce blood pressure, and the American Heart Association suggests that meditation might be used in conjunction with more traditional treatments as a way to manage hypertension, although there is not sufficient data for a recommendation to be made (Brook et al., 2013). Humans have an endogenous opioid neurotransmitter systemthe body makes small quantities of opioid compounds that bind to opioid receptors reducing pain and producing euphoria. The fifth edition of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition(DSM-5) is used by clinicians to diagnose individuals suffering from various psychological disorders. Why do we devote so much time to sleeping? Given that college students are notorious for suffering from significant sleep debt (Hicks, Fernandez, & Pelligrini, 2001; Hicks, Johnson, & Pelligrini, 1992; Miller, Shattuck, & Matsangas, 2010), chances are you and your classmates deal with sleep debt-related issues on a regular basis. Another theory regarding why we sleep involves sleeps importance for cognitive function and memory formation (Rattenborg, Lesku, Martinez-Gonzalez, & Lima, 2007). For one, research suggests that infants should be placed on their backs when put down to sleep, and their cribs should not contain any items which pose suffocation threats, such as blankets, pillows or padded crib bumpers (cushions that cover the bars of a crib). It is not uncommon for people suffering from insomnia to experience increased levels of anxiety about their inability to fall asleep. Generally, narcolepsy is treated using psychomotor stimulant drugs, such as amphetamines (Mignot, 2012). I was really sleepy and having trouble concentrating. As we grow older, we sleep less. Clonazepam, an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat RBD. Aside from their utility as analgesic drugs, opioid-like compounds are often found in cough suppressants, anti-nausea, and anti-diarrhea medications. The axons of light-sensitive neurons in the retina provide information to the SCN based on the amount of light present, allowing this internal clock to be synchronized with the outside world (Klein, Moore, & Reppert, 1991; Welsh, Takahashi, & Kay, 2010) (Figure 4.3). You have read that sleep is distinguished by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness. 1. One popular hypothesis of sleep incorporates the perspective of evolutionary psychology. Participants were told they would not feel pain, but they could press a button if they did; while they reported not feeling pain, they did, in fact, press the button, suggesting a dissociation of consciousness while in the hypnotic state (Hilgard & Hilgard, 1994). Sleep is also associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including: melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). For example, the National Institutes of Drug Abuse has sponsored research that suggests the misuse and abuse of the prescription pain killers hydrocodone and oxycodone are significant public health concerns (Maxwell, 2006). In some cases, users experience vivid visual hallucinations. Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. Few people in the United States remain untouched by the recent opioid epidemic. During this time, an individuals heart rate and respiration slow dramatically. This is an important factor because we can develop tolerance and experience withdrawal from any number of drugs that we do not abuse. Cocaine can be taken in multiple ways. Feeling tired. How exactly does a hypnotist bring a participant to a state of hypnosis? (credit a: modification of work by Todd Huffman), Psychedelic images like this are often associated with hallucinogenic compounds. The brain waves associated with this stage of sleep are very similar to those observed when a person is awake, as shown inFigure 4.11, and this is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs. This chapter will discuss states of consciousness with a particular emphasis on sleep. A sleep deprived individual generally will fall asleep more quickly than if she were not sleep deprived. By the late 19th century, German psychiatrist SigmundFreudhad become convinced that dreams represented an opportunity to gain access to the unconscious. c. Hypnosis in conjunction with other techniques is used for a variety of therapeutic purposes and has shown to be at least somewhat effective for pain management, treatment of depression and anxiety, smoking cessation, and weight loss (Alladin, 2012; Elkins, Johnson, & Fisher, 2012; Golden, 2012; Montgomery, Schnur, & Kravits, 2012). That is why individuals suffering from sleep deprivation can also put themselves and others at risk when they put themselves behind the wheel of a car or work with dangerous machinery. This section will present information relating to the use of various psychoactive drugs and problems associated with such use. We might even describe consciousness as a continuum that ranges from full awareness to a deep sleep. Some newer CPAP masks are smaller and cover only the nose. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as the brains clock mechanism. For example, a person may work from 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. on Monday, 3:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on Tuesday, and 11:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. on Wednesday. Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. Several of the nurses interviewed commented that their work schedules affected their relationships with their family. Not surprisingly, insomnia treatment may take one of several different approaches. Chronic insomnia is almost always associated with feeling overtired and may be associated with symptoms of depression. This feeling of a depressed mood is also accompanied by two or more additional symptoms, to include changes in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness, and poor concentration or difficulty with decision making. In addition, these individuals may wake up several times during the night only to find that they have difficulty getting back to sleep. Infants younger than 12 months appear to be at the highest risk for SIDS, and boys have a greater risk than girls. Sleep-wake cycles seem to be controlled by multiple brain areas acting in conjunction with one another. These drugs promote increased levels of neural activity. Central sleep apnea is caused by a failure of the brain to activate the muscles of breathing during sleep. In 2012, Kromann and Nielson reported on a case study of a 40-year-old woman who suffered significant ill effects from her use of caffeine. Opioids have analgesic properties; that is, they decrease pain. Sleep apneais defined by episodes during which a sleepers breathing stops. Dreams and their associated meanings vary across different cultures and periods of time. Evolutionary psychologyis a discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result ofnatural selection. While we have discussed the negative outcomes associated with sleep deprivation, it should be pointed out that there are many benefits that are associated with adequate amounts of sleep. The pons is important for regulating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). This hypnogram illustrates how an individual moves through the various stages of sleep. How does hypnosis work? Add a comment. Individuals who suffer from RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams. The term was first coined by a physiologist named Walter Cannon in 1926. Some people also experience altered states of consciousness through meditation, hypnosis, or alcohol and other drugs. However, when a stimulant drug was used in conjunction with a popular antidepressant, her condition improved dramatically. During sleep, the pituitary gland secretes both FSH and LH which are important in regulating the reproductive system (Christensen et al., 2012; Sofikitis et al., 2008). Sleep debt and sleep deprivation have significant negative psychological and physiological consequencesFigure 4.5. You were capable of engaging in the all of the complex tasks involved with operating a motor vehicle even though you were not aware of doing so. To keep heroin affordable, many dealers began adding more potent synthetic opioids including fentanyl and carfentanyl to increase the effects of heroin. Historically, hypnosis has been viewed with some suspicion because of its portrayal in popular media and entertainment (Figure 4.20). In contrast, a person who haspsychological dependencehas an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress. It is also associated with paralysis of muscle systems in the body with the exception of those that make circulation and respiration possible. Abnormal Motor Behavior. Test 3 (Chapter 8) Flashcards | Quizlet Caffeine is another stimulant drug. Complications. Table 4.1shows the new recommendations, which describe sleep durations that are recommended, may be appropriate, and not recommended. We spend approximately one-third of our lives sleeping. On January 16, 1997, Scott Falater sat down to dinner with his wife and children and told them about difficulties he was experiencing on a project at work. Delusions. Jet lag is a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. Many of these processes, like much of psychological behavior, are rooted in our biology. Alertness is associated with higher body temperatures, and sleepiness with lower body temperatures. Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation. Some people who have injected many times into their arms will show track marks, while other users will inject into areas between their fingers or between their toes, so as not to show obvious track marks and, like all abusers of intravenous drugs, have an increased risk for contraction of both tuberculosis and HIV. In addition to withdrawal, many individuals who are diagnosed with substance use disorders will also develop tolerance to these substances. PSY 352 Health Psy Quiz 1 - PSY-352 Health Psychology Quiz 1 - StuDocu As you have learned, drugs can act as agonists or antagonists of a given neurotransmitter system. Our experiences change dramatically while we are in deep sleep and once again when we are dreaming. The woman used caffeine in the past to boost her mood and to provide energy, but over the course of several years, she increased her caffeine consumption to the point that she was consuming three liters of soda each day. Gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. Meditative techniques have their roots in religious practices (Figure 4.21), but their use has grown in popularity among practitioners of alternative medicine. Train your body to associate the bed with sleeping rather than other activities like studying, eating, or watching television shows. Rotating shift workrefers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis. While the possession and use of marijuana remain illegal in many states, it is now legal to possess limited quantities of marijuana for recreational use in eleven states: Alaska, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. Thepineal gland, an endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin, is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and of the immune system during sleep (Hardeland, Pandi-Perumal, & Cardinali, 2006). There are now several synthetic versions of opiate drugs (correctly called opioids) that have very potent painkilling effects, and they are often abused. However, the success rate of such treatments is questionable. Drugs in this category include cocaine, amphetamines (including methamphetamine), cathinones (i.e., bath salts), MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine, and caffeine. Other depressants include barbiturates and benzodiazepines. Nicotine is highly addictive, and the use of tobacco products is associated with increased risks of heart disease, stroke, and a variety of cancers. It is relatively easy to wake someone from stage 1 sleep; in fact, people often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage 1 sleep. The internal state of an object is the set of all its attributes' values. The typical positive symptoms of schizophrenia , such as hallucinatory experiences or fixed delusional beliefs, tend to be very upsetting and disruptivenot a positive experience at all for you or someone you care about who is experiencing them. While people are often unaware of their sleep apnea, they are keenly aware of some of the adverse consequences of insufficient sleep. The sleep and dreaming researcher Rosalind Cartwright, however, believes that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer. Whilecaffeineis generally considered a relatively safe drug, high blood levels of caffeine can result in insomnia, agitation, muscle twitching, nausea, irregular heartbeat, and even death (Reissig, Strain, & Griffiths, 2009; Wolt, Ganetsky, & Babu, 2012). Infants should not have caps placed on their heads when put down to sleep in order to prevent overheating, and people in the childs household should abstain from smoking in the home. Sore throat. Freud was not the only theorist to focus on the content of dreams. a - a mole that looks cancerous. Physical dependenceinvolves changes in normal bodily functionsthe user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use. They named each of the three states: "Close," when a male is closer than average to a female and approaching her slowly; "Chasing," when he is approaching quickly; and "Whatever," when he is facing away from her and moving slowly. While we certainly welcome the convenience of having the darkness lit up, we also suffer the consequences of reduced amounts of sleep because we are more active during the nighttime hours than our ancestors were. Here are some tips to maintain healthy sleep: Aparasomniais one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role. It seems like everyone knows a friend, family member, or neighbor who has died of an overdose. Bloating or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen. The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. Upon a search of the premises, police found blood-stained clothes and a bloody knife in the trunk of Falaters car, and he had blood stains on his neck. My sophomore college housemate got so stressed out during finals sophomore year he drank almost a whole bottle of Nyquil to try to fall asleep. Acircadian rhythmis a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours. Generally, and for most people, our circadian cycles are aligned with the outside world. Primary signs and symptoms of Ebola often include some or several of the following: Fever. Furthermore, slow-wave sleep after learning a new task can improve resultant performance on that task (Huber, Ghilardi, Massimini, & Tononi, 2004) and seems essential for effective memory formation (Stickgold, 2005). As part of treatment, the sleeping environment is often modified to make it a safer place for those suffering from RBD (Zangini, Calandra-Buonaura, Grimaldi, & Cortelli, 2011). According to the dissociation view, hypnosis is effectively a dissociated state of consciousness, much like our earlier example where you may drive to work, but you are only minimally aware of the process of driving because your attention is focused elsewhere. The amount of sleep we get varies across the lifespan. 0. In addition, stage 1 sleep involves a marked decrease in both overall muscle tension and core body temperature. Yarmila Falaters body was found in the familys pool with 44 stab wounds. Peritonitis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic For example, she and her colleagues published a study in which women going through divorce were asked several times over a five-month period to report the degree to which their former spouses were on their minds. For instance, some people would say they are morning people, while others would consider themselves to be night owls. Many college students struggle getting the recommended 79 hours of sleep each night. Historically, heroin has been a major opioid drug of abuse (Figure 4.17). 23. Nicotine is most commonly used in the form of tobacco products like cigarettes or chewing tobacco; therefore, there is a tremendous interest in developing effective smoking cessation techniques. As you will learn when you study social roles, peoples behavior can be shaped by their expectations of how they should act in a given situation. Common definitions of health include: a. optimal weight and endurance. Sleepis a state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness. Early attempts to treat her condition with a stimulant drug alone were unsuccessful. People vary in terms of their ability to be hypnotized, but a review of available research suggests that most people are at least moderately hypnotizable (Kihlstrom, 2013). There may also be differences in both brain structure and function in infants that die from SIDS (Berkowitz, 2012; Mage & Donner, 2006; Thach, 2005). After dinner, he prepared some materials to use in leading a church youth group the following morning, and then he attempted to repair the familys swimming pool pump before retiring to bed. Disorganized Thinking. In addition, the appearance of K-complexes is often associated with stage 2 sleep. Is it absolutely essential that we sleep? Our sleep-wake cycle, which is linked to our environments natural light-dark cycle, is perhaps the most obvious example of a circadian rhythm, but we also have daily fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and body temperature. Among a variety of neurobiological evidence, John Hobson cites research on lucid dreams as an opportunity to better understand dreaming in general. Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he had three car accidents in six weeks. Reduced urine. Nasal Congestion: Symptoms, Signs, Causes & Treatment - MedicineNet QUIZ 1 EXTRA STUDY .docx - QUIZ 1 STUDY GUIDE HELP PLUS Remarkably, Falater insisted that he had no recollection of hurting his wife in any way. Medical marijuana is legal in over half of the United States and in the District of Columbia (Figure 4.19). This causes blood vessels to dilate, and the skin may feel warm and flushed. Psychology 2e by Openstax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. While hypnosis is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform meditation alone. The following morning, he awoke to barking dogs and unfamiliar voices from downstairs. This section will describe several sleep disorders as well as some of their treatment options. Increased prescriptions led to greater rates of misuse, along with greater incidence of addiction, even among patients who used these drugs as prescribed. While cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body systems are negatively impacted by lack of sleep. It was getting to the point where it was kind of scary (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). Variations and adaptations in cognition and behavior make individuals more or less successful in reproducing and passing their genes to their offspring. Many individuals diagnosed with sleep apnea first seek treatment because their sleeping partners indicate that they snore loudly and/or stop breathing for extended periods of time while sleeping (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013). Two theories attempt to answer this question: One theory views hypnosis as dissociation and the other theory views it as the performance of a social role. 1. In the variation of mindful meditation, the meditators attention is focused on some internal process or an external object (Zeidan, Grant, Brown, McHaffie, & Coghill, 2012). These individual differences in circadian patterns of activity are known as a persons chronotype, and research demonstrates that morning larks and night owls differ with regard to sleep regulation (Taillard, Philip, Coste, Sagaspe, & Bioulac, 2003). We also alter our consciousness through the use of various psychoactive drugs. These effects can occur as a function of accumulated sleep debt or in response to more acute periods of sleep deprivation. Physiologically, the body can become addicted to opiate drugs in less than a week, including when taken as prescribed. Repeated use of these stimulants can have significant adverse consequences. The participant is encouraged to use his or her imagination. Methamphetamine in its smokable form, often called crystal meth due to its resemblance to rock crystal formations, is highly addictive. In terms of brain wave activity, stage 1 sleep is associated with both alpha and theta waves. However, for some, its not because of all-night partying or late-night study sessions. Tolerance can cause the user to increase the amount of drug used to a dangerous leveleven to the point of overdose and death. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? In the wake of the opiate epidemic, many drug cartels in Mexico are shifting from producing heroin to producing highly potent but inexpensive forms of methamphetamine. Melatonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system (Hardeland et al., 2006). Upset stomach and vomiting. Some sleep-deprived individuals have difficulty staying awake when they stop moving (for example sitting and watching television or driving a car). As mentioned earlier, lack of sleep can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. Popular portrayals of hypnosis have led to some widely-held misconceptions. Low doses increase relaxation, decrease inhibitions. Caffeine is found in many common medicines (such as weight loss drugs), beverages, foods, and even cosmetics (Herman & Herman, 2013). Early versions of this theory proposed that dreams were not the meaning-filled representations of angst proposed by Freud and others, but were rather the result of our brain attempting to make sense of (synthesize) the neural activity (activation) that was happening during REM sleep. Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. While disruptions in circadian rhythms can have negative consequences, there are things we can do to help us realign our biological clocks with the external environment. Our lives involve regular, dramatic changes in the degree to which we are aware of our surroundings and our internal states. (a) This is a statue of a meditating Buddha, representing one of the many religious traditions of which meditation plays a part. During periods of sleepwalking, sleepers often have their eyes open, but they are not responsive to attempts to communicate with them. More specifically, homeostasis is the body's tendency to monitor and maintain internal states, such as temperature and blood sugar, at fairly constant and stable levels. . Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. Scott Falater had a history of regular episodes of sleepwalking as a child, and he had even behaved violently toward his sister once when she tried to prevent him from leaving their home in his pajamas during a sleepwalking episode. . Question 2 1 / 1 pts Ling Fan finds that she has a difficult time tolerating alcohol and prefers to not even have small amounts , as she often becomes flushed , warm , and nauseous .Most likely , Ling Fan , like many other women and those of Asian descent , lacks the enzyme called alcohol _ _ _____.