America in the China Relief Expedition(Kansas City: Hudson-Kimberly publishing company, 1903). After Allied forces were dispatched to relieve the sieges in Tianjin and Beijing, however, it did not take long before news reports and complementary visual commentary began to take note of barbaric conduct on both sides of the conflict. Louis Dalrymples exceptionally detailed 1899 Puck graphic includes racist and denigrating depictions within a schoolhouse metaphor to demonstrate the right to govern newly acquired territories without their consent. What impact might this have on its perspective or bias? the original in color by citing the Call Number listed above and including the catalog As early as mid 1899, for example, Life called attention to the staggering death count among Filipinos with a cartoon titled The Harvest in the Philippines. It is now estimated that, all told, between 12,000 and 20,000 Filipino military perished in this conflict, as opposed to 4,165 killed on the U.S. side. Do the Access Advisory or Call Number fields above indicate that a non-digital surrogate exists, Pages. LAC nsk 2021-10-04 create (1 card), Printed Ephemera Collection (Library of Congress) - Anti-Imperialist League (Washington, D.C.), Horrible nightmare of a worthy old gentleman. Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as The U.S. conquest of the Philippines, coupled with the multi-nation Boxer intervention in China, prompted Twain to become an outspoken critic of America plunging into what he denounced as the European Game of overseas expansion. Britain is digesting China, Egypt, Australia, Africa, Canada, and India. And Peace Shall Rule. Udo Keppler,Puck, May 3, 1899. Along with his burden of steel, trains, sewing machines, and other industrial goods, Uncle Sam carries a book titled Education, Religion in a nod to the rhetoric of moral uplift that accompanied the commercial goals of the civilizing mission. N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. MIT Visualizing Cultures Having defeated China in 189495, Japan is presented by Columbia (the U.S.) to her closest ally, Britannia (Great Britain). The conduct of foreign troops in China was targeted in a searing cartoon by the French artist Thophile Steinlen. Anticipated U.S. exports appear on signs that advertise the rich market awaiting American manufacturers. Caption: Though the process be costly, the road to progress must be cut. Three overlapping turn-of-the-century conflicts in particular stirred the righteous rhetoric of the white imperialists. Recommended citation: Ellen Sebring, Civilization & Barbarism: Cartoon Commentary & The White Mans Burden (18981902), Volume 13, Issue 27, No. Is the item digitized? From the high to the low, by 1901 the collaboration between the two Anglo nations held a different fate for the globe. The larger objective, to gain control of the Boer territories, was part of Britains colonial scheme for Cape to Cairo hegemony in Africa. Title from item. Commercial interests not only drove U.S. policy in Asia, but also shaped public opinion about it. A Red-Letter Day. Source:Theodore Roosevelt Center at Dickinson State University, By 1901, John Bull and Uncle Sam were bogged down in prolonged overseas wars at a cost, here, the "Philippine War $80,000,000 yearly" and the "Boer War 16,000,000 yearly." The dignity of the bereaved Filipino in this cartoon is a stark contrast to the usual demeaning stereotypes of half devil and half child that Kipling endorsed and many cartoonists reinforced. The noble rhetoric that buttressed overseas expansion, as Twain presented it, was largely for Home Consumption, and stood in sharp contrast to the Actual Thing that the Customer Sitting in Darkness buys with his blood and tears and land and liberty. Where the Philippine temptation in particular was concerned, he cited press reports of atrocities by American troops. Un treillage de fer travers par un courant lectrique est la plus saine et la plus sre des cltures. Course Materials, Requirements, and Grading, https://gmu.zoom.us/meeting/tJYsf-6hpzooHtCcgUHFQlJ5Hy13bvsr3WDv/ics?icsToken=98tyKuCqrzMtE92Ush2DRowQBYqgKPPxmH5Bgrd-nxjQKwZibimjHvsTYbBpA8qD. Keppler, Udo J., Artist. In 1901, occupation forces roamed the countryside to pillage, loot, and hunt for Boxers. This special issue illustrated by Thophile Steinlen comprises a particularly gruesome mural depicting the bloodshed of contemporary colonial wars in Turkey, China, and Africa. Source: Houghton Library, Harvard University. Civilization and progress are inseparable, a train and telegraph drawn in her robes. Library of Congress Duplication Services. Source:Library of Congress. By contrast, with the exception of Sudan, the burden Britain bears reflects backward older cultures that look forward to civilization or back, condescendingly, at those people, cultures, and societies deemed even closer than they to barbarism. Both visually and textually, the white mans burden was steeped in derision of non-white, non-Western, non-Christian others. The caption refers to a Bible passage in which belief is nearly, but not completely reached. A cartoon published in May, 1899 over the caption And Peace Shall Rule offered a female angel of peace flying over a globe (turned to Asia and the Pacific) hoisted by John Bull and Uncle Sam. British armies had difficulty stopping mounted Boer commandos spread out over large areas of open terrain. Tan, Chester C.The Boxer Catastrophe. The turn of the century also witnessed emergence of articulate anti-imperialist voices worldwideand this movement had its own powerful wing of incisive graphic artists. American ships for American commerce!!. The large Map of the United States and Neighboring Countries is dotted with U.S. flags marking newly-acquired territories. N.Y. : J. Ottmann Lith. The Rhodes Colossus Striding From Cape Town To Cairo Analysi Though carving the Chinese melon was a popular metaphor, none of the invaders seriously considered partitioning the large country under foreign rule. Vignette-style graphics placed an array of smaller scenes around the central image. Translated from Russian. The White Mans Burden (Apologies to Rudyard Kipling). Victor Gillam,Judge, April 1, 1899. 1 (October 7, 2013). 11 [-21]. Mott, Frank Luther. Political cartoon analysis.pdf - Course Hero Includes bibliographical references and index. N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. United We Stand for Civilization and Peace: the Anglo-Saxon Globe. Pucks cover for June 8, 1898, celebrated this new Anglo-Saxon solidarity and sense of mission with an illustration of two resolute soldiers standing with fixed bayonets on a parapet and overlooking the globe. In his hand, he holds a telegraph wire, which he wanted to build along with the . Contemporary conflicts are spelled out over dark clouds. Whom or what did you include or leave out of the image? Uncle Sams New Class in the Art of Self-Government. W. A. Rogers,Harpers Weekly: A Journal of Civilization, August 27, 1898. Kipling offered moral justification for the bloody war the U.S. was fighting to suppress the independent Philippine regime following Spanish rule. English. New commodities also meant advances in weaponry that might give neighboring countriesin particular, Germanythe potential to strike Britain. The turn-of-the-century visual record tells us otherwise. In a run of 13 lithographs published in the July 4, 1900 issue of the French periodical LAssiette au Beurre, the cartoonist Ren Georges Hermann-Paul was especially incisive in calling attention to this grim reality. Published in April 27, 1898, the first cartoon calls the monumental warship The Sphinx of the Period: an unknown quantity in modern warfare. About a month later, a June 1 graphic picks up on the Sphinx metaphor and declares The American Battle-Ship is No Longer an Unknown Quantity. A pugnacious sailor and sweeping U.S. flag have replaced the inscrutable sphinx; guns are smoking, the Spanish fleet lies sunken below. Most viewers will probably agree that there is nothing really comparable in the contemporary world of political cartooning to the drafting skill and flamboyance of these single-panel graphics, which appeared in such popular periodicals as Puck and Judge. Cairo and Cape Town, the twin citadels of British power and presence in Africa. . But rivalries for commercial privileges never abated even when an eight-nation Allied military force was forged between the world powers in the summer of 1900. Follow. Uncle Sam, armed and dangerous, cocks an eyebrow as he displays his handiwork: countless dead Filipino soldiers laid out in rows. The Middle East as Seen Through Foreign Eyes - University of Chicago S Summary is a official man just stand up over a land. No known restrictions on publication. Although Wilhelm II was famous for introducing the concept of a yellow peril, Germanys major colonial possessions were in Africa. It was planned as a link between Cape Town in South Africa and Port Said in Egypt. Cape to Cairo Railway - Wikipedia Although usually associated with the pro-expansionist proponents of civilization and progress, Puck on occasion turned a discerning eye on the double standards of Americas so-called noble mission in the Philippines and China. In May 1900, for example, artist William Bengough scathingly debunked a speech by President McKinleyonce again justifying the U.S. actions in taking of the Philippines by forceby depicting him as a parson standing on the face of a dead Filipino. Do those benighted wretches fail to realize what we have accomplished in their islands? Rhodes measures with the telegraphic line the distance from Cape Town (at his right foot) in South Africa to Cairo (at his left foot) in Egypt, illustrating his broader "Cape to Cairo" concept for further colonial expansion in Africa. Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, . Numbers 14-15 and 18-20 wanting. If you dont do it I shall have to. Udo Keppler,Puck, August 8, 1900. Business and government colluded with the military in silencing press coverage of the poor conditions suffered by American soldiers, including scandals around tainted supplies, and the grim realities of the Philippine-American War itselfcensorship that foreshadowed the broader excising of the unpleasant war from national memory. J. Ottmann Lith. Additionally, engaging in image analysis will continue to help you build this important analytical skill, and producing an image will help your visual presentation skills. Regarding the Philippines in particular, he continues: without any desire or design on our part, the war has brought us new duties and responsibilities which we must meet and discharge as becomes a great nation on whose growth and career from the beginning the ruler of nations has plainly written the high command and pledge of civilization. In this activity, you will analyze and then create cartoons about imperialism. The cartoon takes its title from Rudyard Kiplings poem The White Mans Burden. Published in February, 1899 in response to the annexation of the Philippines by the United States, the poem quickly became a famous endorsement of the civilizing missiona battle cry, full of heroic stoicism and self-sacrifice, offering moral justification for U.S. perseverance in its first major and unexpectedly prolonged overseas war. 3, pp. Illus. 1345 (1902 December 10), centerfold. The aggressive quest for new marketsChinas millions being the most covetedwas justified as part of the benevolent and inevitable spread of progress. In the French cartoon Leur rve (Their dream), the globe is portrayed as a victim carried on a stretcher. Co., Puck Bldg., NY [New York: Published by Keppler & Schwarzmann, NY. McKinley also mentions profit, free trade, and the open door in Asia: Incidental to our tenure in the Philippines is the commercial opportunity to which American statesmanship cannot be indifferent. Rhodes_cartoon_analysis+FINAL.docx - Name: Grady Lentz Published in Punch Magazine 28, November 1906. Source:The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum. If an image is displaying, you can download it yourself. Photograph. In 1927, Mashonaland Railways was renamed Rhodesia Railways as efforts were underway to expand the country's rail system. The march of civilization against barbarism is a late-19th-century construct that cast imperialist wars as moral crusades. Our Civilized Heathen. This ca. What were the effects on China, as portrayed in the cartoon? Publisher. Keppler, U. J. Fears that China would descend into chaos and xenophobia justified intervention to safeguard the spread of modernity, civilization, and trade. Allied troops departed Tianjin for Beijing on August 4. Abe Ignacio, Enrique de la Cruz, Jorge Emmanuel, Helen Toribo. It was feared that the mystical rituals and xenophobic violence of the Yi He Tuan (Boxer) secret society would overwhelm Chinas ineffectual rulers, cast the country into chaos, and hinder the trade and profits anticipated by the great powers. Now there are thirteen on this one street! Study Resources. What did the public back home know about the fighting of these far-off wars? This unit examines cartoons from the turn-of-the-century visual record that reference civilization and its nemesisbarbarism. Source:Library of Congress. site.). Location: Innovation Hall, 330 and online (see info below). | Print shows Chauncey M. Depew and Robert G. Ingersoll, each in the arms of the other, pointing to quotations attributed to them that justify American imperialist activities 1 print : chromolithograph. Imperial Mission: The Air Route to Cape Town 1918-32 - JSTOR The Exploration of Africa: From Cairo to the Cape - Wikipedia Powered by WordPress. From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. The title of the cartoon calls attention to the barbarous uses of much modern technology and so-called progress., les prisonniers bors ont t runis en de grands enclos o depuis 18 mois ils trouvent le repos et le calme. "To the Person Sitting in Darkness." This was followed by the invasion and takeover of Puerto Rico. The image is ironically paired with a quote attributed to an Official Report to the War Office that says iron railing through which an electric current runs makes the healthiest and safest fences., Les Progrs de la Science (The Advances of Science). But just take a look at the class ahead of you, and remember that, in a little while, you will feel as glad to be here as they are! Louis Dalrymple,Puck, January 25, 1899. Dominated by full-page graphics, many issues were thematic visual essays developed by a single artist. Given the fact that Twain was famous and widely admired for his outspokenness, it is especially disconcerting to learn that he and his close supporters concluded that challenging the mystique of civilization and progress in such stark terms was not feasible given the political and religious fervor of the times. Barbarism lies at the base of the mountain to be climbed by Uncle Sam and John Bullwith civilization far off at the hoped-for end of the journey, where a glowing figure proffers education and liberty. The fifth stanza of Kiplings poem refers to an ascent toward the light: Barbarisms companion attributes of backwardness, spelled out on the boulders underfoot, include oppression, brutality, vice, cannibalism, slavery, and cruelty. She researches visual narrative and digital historiography using the visual historical record.This article was adapted from Visualizing Cultures. It is just to use every legitimate means for the enlargement of American trade; but we seek no advantages in the Orient which are not common to all. International Journal of Comic Art11.1 (2009)pp. As these cartoons reflect, the U.S., itself a new colonial power, was particularly threatened by the rise of Germany as a rival in the Pacific. W. H. P. Signs of Promise.The Advocate of Peace, pp. Is the item digitized? Overview; View 4 Editions Details; Reviews Lists; Related Books; Publish Date. By not waiting for their consent she has greatly advanced the world's civilization. Britannia, carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advances on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism." Dickinson State University. But by the 1890s, emerging industrial powerhouses like the U.S. and Germany reduced Britains industrial dominance. The U.S. policy of benevolent neutrality supported Britain in the Boer War with large war loans, exports of military supplies, and diplomatic assistance for British POWs. World powers competing for spheres of influence within her borders had grown ever bolder in their demands as the Qing rulers appeared increasingly weak. LC-DIG-ppmsca-25696 (digital file from original print). Photograph. Missionaries preaching the Gospel in rural China violated local religious practices. Miller, Bonnie M. The Image-Makers' Arsenal in an Age of War and Empire, 1898 1899: A Cartoon Essay, Featuring the Work of Charles Bartholomew (of theMinneapolis Journal)and Albert Wilbur Steele (of theDenver Post). Journal of American Studies, 45, pp 53-75 (Cambridge University Press). From road troubles to the political plight, those who brave this journey will leave the continent a true child of the soil. The U.S. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they can govern themselves. Veneration of Britains treatment of colonies as a positive model attests to the significant shift in the American world view given U.S. origins in relation to the mother country. He has a somewhat serious but proud expression on his face, as though his is flaunting the land. Lucky Filipinos: the Philippine-American War. Case Study: The Boxer WarThe Boxer Uprising.Online Encyclopediaof Mass Violence(July 23, 2008). As the Heathen See Us: Reversing the Gaze. Blocking its uphill path, the Chinese dragon crawls downhill bearing a Boxer waving a bloody sword and banner reading 400 Million Barbarians. The image puts progress and primitivism on a collision course at the edge of a cliff. 5:00 at 202-707-6394, and Press 3. Good Will to Nobody., The Poet, the President & The White Mans Burden, Rudyard Kiplings poem that begins with the line Take up the White Mans burden was published in the United States in the February, 1899 issue of McClures Magazine, as the American war against the First Philippine Republic began to escalate. The White (!) Source: Bibliothque nationale de France. ", From the Cape to Cairo. color or tint (assuming the original has any), you can generally purchase a quality copy of Heine used the pages of Simplicissimusto denounce the atrocious conduct of Prussian troops during the Allied intervention in China, where the German forces obviously took to heart Wilhelm IIs exhortation to show no mercy. Source:Library of Congress, In this 1902 cartoon, Britains Boer War and goals on the African continent are identified with the march of civilization and progress against barbarism. Includes bibliographical references and index. Two years ago the main street of Manila did not possess a single saloon. Cape to Cairo: the Rhodes Colossus Author: Sambourne, Edward Linley Description: The idea of a connection between the southernmost and northernmost seabords of Africa was held for several decades as the Cape-to-Cairo fantasy, notably by Cecil Rhodes. 377. Brandishing the flag of Civilization, Britannia leads white troops and settlers against native forces under the banner of Barbarism.. N.Y. : J. Ottmann Lith. Newspapers carried pictures of corpses and stories of rape and plunder, notably in the wealthy merchant city of Tongzhou just before troops reached Beijing. 'From the Cape to Cairo: Though the process be costly, the road of progress must be cut', cartoon depicting British colonialism as a civilising force - 1902 . The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum, CGACGA, The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum, Theodore Roosevelt Center at Dickinson State University, CGACGA, The Ohio State University, Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum, William H. Walker Cartoon Collection, Princeton University Library, The Ohio State University Cartoon Research Library. In the West, China was often characterized as befuddled and archaic under the rule of an inscrutable crone, the Empress Dowager. By the end of 1898, a succession of U.S. military successes and territorial acquisitions reinforced the image of the United States standing side by side with Great Britain in bringing civilization and peace to the world. A number of critical cartoons of the time addressed the unsavory behavior of the civilizers themselves, and the disparity between doctrine and actions. Raising money to Save the Foreign Devils recurs in the visual record. The aggressors brought progress in the form of modern technology, communications, and Western dress and culture. ), the Boer prisoners were gathered in large enclosures where, for the last 18 months, they found rest and quiet. It ends with a stranger entering the church and delivering a devastating description of the carnage experienced by invaded countries. We may have burnt certain villages, destroyed considerable property and incidentally slaughtered a few thousand of their sons and brothers, husbands and fathers, etc., but what did they expect? 32, No. Anthropomorphizing nations and concepts meant that in an 1899 cartoon captioned The White Mans Burden, the U.S., as Uncle Sam, could be shown trudging after Britains John Bull, his Anglo-Saxon partner, carrying non-white nationsdepicted in grotesque racist caricaturesuphill from the depths of barbarism to the heights of civilization. In the United States, the most famous counter-voice to Kipling and his white mans burden rhetoric was the writer Mark Twain. What imperialist practices are you rallying against (taking of raw materials, manipulation of trade, colonialism, violence, etc.)? | Illustration shows Britannia standing with an injured landowner and an African man, showing them a view of the future when "Enlightened Government" comes to South Africa after 1 print : chromolithograph. in: Puck, v. 52, no. We had no design of aggrandizement and no ambition of conquest. Illus. The satirical weekly, Simplicissimus, flourished from 1896 to 1967 with a hiatus from 1944 to 1954. Tuffnell, Stephen. And the third was the anti-foreign Boxer Uprising in China in 18991901, which led to military intervention by no less than eight foreign nations including not only Tsarist Russia and the Western powers, but also Japan. Vol. The aggressive quest for new marketsChinas millions being the most covetedwas justified as part of the benevolent and inevitable spread of progress. The North American Review. Turning to China, his stinging indictment extended beyond the two Anglo powers to target the Kaisers Germany plus Tsarist Russia and France. From the Cape to Cairo Collection: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Description: Britannia, carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advances on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism." Caption: Though the process be costly, the road to progress must be cut. Address of Pope Barrow to the Daughters of the American revolution. In Library of Congress notes on this image, the seated figure on the left is identified as Minervathe Roman goddess of wisdom, arts, and commerce. This military dimension of the multi-ethnic United Kingdom is often forgotten. Do the Access Advisory or Call Number fields above indicate that a non-digital surrogate exists, Oer The Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave? December 10, 1892] Caption: Though the process be costly, the road to progress must be cut. Bickers, Robert A. and R. G. Tiedemann. History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth(New York: Columbia University Press, 1997). Title from item. The weekly magazine Judge, a rival to Puck that was published from 1881 to 1947, opened 1899 with a barbed rendering of the Anglo nations gorging on the globe. As a long-established world empire, Great Britain held sway over some 12 million square miles and a quarter of the worlds population. Pucks caricature of Germanys Bible-quoting Kaiser Wilhelm II ready to machine gun foreign non-believers captures the role of Christianity in turn-of-the-century Western imperialism. TR Center - From the Cape to Cairo - Theodore Roosevelt Center [Read Online], Vaughan, Christopher. Co., Puck Bldg. Photograph. Uncle Sam and President McKinley countered the assault under another American flag on which was inscribed Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness under treaty rights. The cartoon caption reflected Americas self-image as a reluctant civilizer: Is This Imperialism? Seated around them (left to right) are a feminized Russia, Turkey, Italy, Austria, Spain, and France. A Rival Who Has Come to Stay: Naval Power. Source:William H. Walker Cartoon Collection, Princeton University Library. - Under the American flag, patriotic words end with a question mark: Tis the Star-Spangled Banner, Oh! The U.S. entered the elite group of world powers with victories in the Spanish-American War (written in the clouds over the naval battle on the right). Cape to Cairo Railway Columbia and Uncle Sam pluck gifts from Our Christmas Tree, including law and order, technology, and education, for overseas territories Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines, condescendingly drawn as grateful children.