He did not do what he had to do: Egypt was destined to endure calamities for 150 years. And from that sun-- which Here Akhenaten says, no, No one is really sure. In 1902 an Egyptological summit was held on the terrace of the Mena House hotel in Cairo. The mortuary temple of the main pyramid of Menkaure holds 3 statues of the Pharaoh and Queen Khamerernebty II with an Egyptian Goddess, built of pink granite. Menkaure and His Queen: 2. Description It is difficult to outsmart fate, but the ruler tried to do it. Written by A. Sutherland - AncientPages.comSenior Staff Writer, Copyright AncientPages.comAll rights reserved. The children are not as important, so they are much smaller. Comparison between the Egyptian Sculpture of Menkaure and the Greek Menkaure's queen provides the perfect female counterpart to his youthful masculine virility. All Rights Reserved. It does give a sense of And Maat answered the messengers: "Menkaure is kind and fair - that's why I shortened his life. The knees are prominent an easily noticeable through the clothes. Pharaoh Menkaure - Egyptian Ruler Who Tried To Outsmart Fate Sensuously modeled with a beautifully proportioned body emphasized by a clinging garment, she articulates ideal mature feminine beauty. At first glance, the part of the sculpture that seems to stand out the most are the heads of the pharaoh and the queen. that we're looking at, this sunken relief It's so informal, compared King Menkaura (Mycerinus) and queen Egyptian Old Kingdom, Dynasty 4, reign of Menkaura 2490-2472 B.C. Not much is known about this ruler, and the only source mentioning Menkaure (though not always reliable) is that of Herodotus and some legends. By contrast, the image of an Egyptian state official, Ka-Aper, who was not of royal rank, was created with a different idea. You can see that he's It was probably just a mistake. A cache of royal jewelry from the tombs of Middle Kingdom princesses displays extremely high levels of skill in terms of design as well as precisely cut stone inlays, repouss, and cloisonn. He used it to express themes of spiritual and historical community events that interested him, generally in simplified landscape settings that emphasized narrative and symbolic messages rather than exact proportions and details. His name was also spelled as Menkaurain the ancient Egyptian dialect. Egyptian sculpture. 's post I think I watched a docum, Posted 8 years ago. rule Egypt together. Another younger brother, Sekhemkare, joined the royal court, after the death of Menkaure, probably due to his minor age during the reign of his elder brother. Unfortunately, it never arrived there. Menkaure, Mycerinos - Saint Louis University Traditionally, the rulers of Egypt were male. This gesture shows how females are subordinate to males because they did not feel comfortable that their nation was being led by a female. Menkaure and His Queen is a statue that depicts the Pharaoh Menkaure, who ruled Egypt during the Old Kingdom period, and his queen. Your email address will not be published. It was produced during the 4th dynasty of Old Kingdom Egypt during the reign of King Mycerinus for the purpose of housing the souls of both the king and his wife after their deaths. The author Nancy Luomala from the article "Matrilineal Reinterpretation of Some Egyptian Sacred Cows," contemplated on the ancient Egyptian power, and the matrimonial decline that men were able to acquire the position of Pharaoh. With time, the paint would have flaked away, revealing the black stone underneath and explicitly linking the deceased king with the Lord of the Underworld. Menkaure was the fifth king in the line of the Fourth Dynasty, in the Old Kingdom of ancient Egypt. King Senwosret III was a 12th Dynasty King that ruled from c. 1836-1818 BCE. Fortunately, the coffin reached the Museum because it traveled on another boat. take a close look. the careful attention to the drapery. (Statue of Kaaper: http://www.museumsyndicate.com/item.php?item=27334) As a commoner, he is shown with a very different physique rather pudgy and more relaxed, certainly not governed by the rules for the royal imagery. This small, black granite sculpture that caught my eye is of him. The sculpture was carved out of slate and has also been known as Menkaure and Khamerernebty. They also executed pieces in various metals, including copper, copper alloys (such as bronze), gold, and silver. Sepulchral Chamber of Men-ka-ra. Omissions? Menkaure's unfinished pyramid was not higher than those of his father and grandfather, but the coating was beautifully polished, which can still be seen today. The most basic point of style, perhaps, is type or category, whether a work is representational or abstract. Painted raised relief in the Temple of Seti I at Abydos (New Kingdom). is sitting on a simpler throne. The sculptures of the Bust of Nefertiti and the Pharaoh Menkaure and his queen Khamernebty II are both represented as full round, however, there are many differences between the two. Also her torso are seen as thinner than on an average, The body of the figure is long and oval shaped. Direct link to Darcey Wunker's post It's one of many theories, Posted 10 years ago. The key is he makes him and his We know Greek sculptors began with ideas they gleaned from the Egyptian forms they knew but then altered them in some very significant ways that reflected their own distinctive culture. Menkaure and His Queen shows the two-people standing side by side and the queen has an arm wrapped around the pharaoh. King Menkaure (Mycerinus) and queen (article) | Khan Academy The turning point in this evolutionthe moment when the achievement of naturalism was pronouncedwas with the creation of the Kritios Boy, c. 480 BCE. The statue is made of granite and is currently housed at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts. The buried statues of pharaoh Menkaure in Giza - Historicaleve If so, why did it fail? As an effort to present her in unthreatening guise to make Egyptians feel more at ease, artists depicted Queen Hatshepsut as a male wearing the stylized beards that are traditionally associated with pharaohs. This material may not bepublished, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed in whole or part without the express written permission of AncientPages.com, Legendary Ynglings: Descendants Of The Norse Gods And Oldest Scandinavian King Dynasty, Runes Were Just As Advanced As Roman Alphabet Writing New Study, Ancient Burials Of Worlds First Horse Riders Found Near The Black Sea, Clevelands Prehistoric Sea Monster Had A Mouth Twice As Large As A Great White Shark, Mysterious Bronze Age Golden Tomb Unearthed In Armenia. Akhenaten liked Nefertiti a lot, so she's almost as big. Recurrent strains of abstraction appear throughout the history of art, when artists elected to streamline, suppress, or de-emphasize reference to the phenomenal world. In 1908, George Reisner found eight "triads" representing Pharaoh Menkaure, the goddess Hathor, and various provinces of Egypt. Here are all information to know about King Menkaure: 1. The subjects featured in the artwork are Pharaoh Menkaure and Queen Khamerernebty. almost 3,000 years. It is more naturalistic, not idealized like the royal works. Plus, they said in the video that these two are the only people with direct access to the god(s). Aten is present, here Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti and their The figures of the Pharaoh Menkaure (r. c. 2530-c. 2510 BCE) and his Queen Khamerernebty are shown as being well proportioned, physically fit, and in young adulthood. She reigned during 1473 1458 B.C.E. Direct link to ducie1's post Beth Harris "Do you reali, Posted 3 years ago. These bones were later dated from the early Christian era and had no connection to Pharaonic times. think about Egyptian art, we don't think of change. Sensuously modeled with a beautifully proportioned body emphasized by a clinging garment, she articulates ideal mature feminine beauty. Discovery. changes his own name to Akhenaten, which Direct link to Steve Lederer's post I remember seeing a progr, Posted 9 years ago. He also discovered the funerary chapels of the three satellite pyramids belonging to the wives of Menkaure and some tombs of funerary priests in charge of the royal cult. Ninkasi Sumerian Goddess Of Beer And Alcohol The Hymn To Ninkasi Is An Ancient Recipe For Brewing Beer, 3.6 Million-Year-Old Rare Skeleton Of Human Ancestor Revealed By Researchers In South Africa, First Leaf Fossils Study Reveals An Ancient 4 Million-Year-Old Forest In Borneo, Petronella Oortman And Her Giant Dolls House, TB Was Transmitted in South America DNA Study Shows How It Happened, Ancient City Filled With Treasures May Be Hidden Underground In South America, Remarkably Well-Preserved Thermopolium With Frescoes, Food, And Jars Discovered In Pompeii, Goibniu: The Sword Smith Of Tuatha De Danann Who Forged Weapons For Battles In Celtic Mythology. Introduction to Art - Design, Context, and Meaning (Sachant et al. Their function is uncertain, although they possibly had both a cult and a political component; a way of indicating that Menkaure was the lord of the whole country. traditions of Egyptian art. This smooth black stone is connected with Osiris, resurrected god of the dead who was often shown with black or green skin referring to the fertile silt and lush vegetation of the Nile valley. The Middle Kingdom lasted from c. 1975-1640 BCE. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Why Was It Necessary For Great Physician Hippocrates To Eat Earwax? are squared with us. Figure of a Baboon Wearing a Feathered Hood, The Divine Guardian: Horus Protecting Pharaoh Nectanebo II. Pharaoh Menkaure was a ruler of Ancient Egypt during the Old Kingdom period, around 2500 BC. It's not that the children actually were that size, it's just emphasizing that they are not as important or powerful as their parents. So this period is a very brief arms, and elongated skulls, forms that have made His inquiries soon bore fruit. As a pharaoh, Menkaure is remembered for his kindness and religiosity, unlike his father Khafre and grandfather Khufu. Akhenaten liked Nefertiti a lot, so she's almost as big. In 1837, archaeologist Howard Vyse and his team discovered the burial chamber containing an empty sarcophagus made of basalt, a mummy-shaped coffin lid made of wood, and some bones. those stylistic changes. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Menkaure had another son Sekhemre, as discovered from a statue at Menkaures pyramid. It is almost 8 feet tall and almost 2.5 feet wide. The coating stones are smooth to a certain extent, and then, they are curved. Menkaure, also spelled Menkure, Greek Mykerinos, (flourished 26th century), fifth (according to some traditions, sixth) king of the 4th dynasty (c. 2575c. In the Egyptian language, the Pyramid of Menkaure was known as Netjer-er-Menkaure, or Menkaure is divine. The entrance here begins about four meters above the ground, from where, however, the corridor descends to the base's level. House Altar depicting Akhenaten, Nefertiti and Three of their Daughters, limestone, New Kingdom, Amarna period, 18th dynasty, c.1350 BCE (gyptisches Museum/Neues Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin). purely stylistic break. That definition suffers from over generality, though, since any physical or visual expression that has some reference to the physical world includes some aspect that we see as reflecting the physical world. The statue of the Pharaoh Menkaure (Mycerinus) and his Queen in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, carved out of slate and dating to 2548-2530 BCE, is an example of Old Kingdom 4th Dynasty royal sculpture.slate and dating to 2548-2530 BCE, is an example of Old Kingdom 4th Dynasty royal sculpture. The statue was found on January 10, 1910, during excavations carried out by members of Harvard University, in the temple of the Pyramid of Menkaure, near the Egyptian town of Giza. It is not known for sure, but this artwork is believed to be from Hierakonpolis, Egypt. His stance appears assertive, indicative of his power. wife the only representatives of Aten on earth. He was the son and probably the successor of Khafre and, according to the Turin papyrus, reigned for 18 (or 28) years. There was also a cedar coffin. Was that right? What changes did this bring to the way egyptians worshiped? Khentkaus I, the Queen of the next Pharaoh Shepseskaf, was a daughter of Menkaure; while his second daughter died at an immature age, during the lifetime of her . Mikyla Avila Art History February 27, 2023 Comparison Essay: In the Temple of the Menkaure Valley, a sculpture of the King Menkaure (Mycerinus) and queen, an Egyptian pharaoh and his wife, was found. The Giza site would include a second pyramid built around 2530 BCE by Pharaoh Khafre, Khufu's son. STEVEN ZUCKER: Look at Findspot: Egypt, Giza, Menkaura Valley Temple Medium/Technique Greywacke Dimensions Overall: 142.2 x 57.1 x 55.2 cm, 676.8 kg (56 x 22 1/2 x 21 3/4 in., 1492.1 lb.) Relief was usually carved before being painted. If he had stopped doing good and would have become a cruel and unjust ruler, Maat might have canceled her sentence. Four of these sculptures, which received the name of triads, were fragmented and incomplete, but four others were found complete and in an excellent state of conservation. For instance, the exemplary statues of Menkaure (right), builder of the smallest of the three major pyramids at Giza, were executed in dark schist (also called graywacke). It might have served as an offering at the grave to preserve their representations in the afterlife. Most statuary was painted; even stones selected for the symbolism of their color were often painted. Figure \(\PageIndex{8}\): Heads (detail), King Menkaure (Mycerinus) and queen, 2490-2472 B.C.E., greywacke, 142.2 x 57.1 x 55.2 cm (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston), photo: 1910 (The Giza Archives . Reisner could barely contain his excitement . When Reisner believed that the temple in the valley of Menkaure had already revealed all its secrets, on January 8, 1910 another complete sculptural group came to light: A representation of the pharaoh, wearing a nemes or royal handkerchief, accompanied by a woman who hugs him, possibly his wife, Queen Khamerernebty. King Menkaure (Mycerinus) and queen. More information on the materials used to make pigments, as well as a discussion of the symbolism of various colors may be found in the article Aspects of Color in Ancient Egypt at Egyptological. Thus, to the amazement of the archaeologists, magnificent sculptural groups emerged from the rubble: eight sculptures of Greywacke (a type of sandstone) each composed of three characters: The pharaoh with the white crown of Upper Egypt; the goddess Hathor, with her characteristic headdress with two horns and the sun disk, and the personification of a nome or province of ancient Egypt. STEVEN ZUCKER: In fact, we Rare 2000-Year-Old Celtic Sword Unearthed In East Bohemia, On This Day In History: Vespasian Was Elected The Roman Emperor On July 1, 69, Judahite Shrine Of Biblical Arad Reveals Ancient Use Of Cannabis And Frankincense, New Method Reveals Falsified And Original Manuscripts Of Famous Robert Burns, Soyal: Hopi Indians Winter Solstice Celebration And Arrival Of Katchinas, Ancient Germanic Ghost Warriors Romans Greatest Military Defeat And Nightmare, Ancient City Of Sogmatar And Recent Discovery Of 5,000-Year-Old Childrens Toy, Ancient DNA Reveals Unknown Genetic Exchanges Between North And South America, On This Day In History: First Wireless Transmission Of Morse Signals Sent On Mar 12, 1896, Unknown History Of Gigantic Obelisks Created With Ancient Lost Technology. Harder stones include quartzite, diorite, granite, and basalt. And there, you see not rendered as the sun disk. We still see a composite Menkaure and his queen statue. King Menkaure (Mycerinus) and queen Nefertiti symbols of both Upper and Lower Egypt, indicating historians wonder whether there was something of my favorite sculptures. The ethereal beauty of the Egyptian statue "King Menkaure and queen (Figure 4.5) To achieve this end, Marc took great liberty in creating an image that went far beyond what he saw, to make an expression that carries messages of what he thought and felt about his subject. The figures depicted in the sculpture are Pharaoh Menkaure and, who is thought to be Queen Khamerernebty II. Having said that, we can proceed to see art in terms of its relative representation or relative abstraction of the original form. The messengers asked the goddess of world order: "The father and grandfather of the great Menkaure locked the temples, did not honor the gods, oppressed the people, and lived happily until a ripe old age. periods between-- art is consistent for During the reign of the Fourth Dynasty Pharaoh Sneferu forty great ships sailed to the Syrian coast, where Egyptians felled trees and towed the logs back to Egypt. The story preserved in the legends says that he met his death suddenly. Direct link to Sahnya Mehra's post It was probably just a mi, Posted 4 years ago. These minerals were ground and then mixed with a plant or animal based glue to make a medium able to attach to the walls. There were numerous native stones used for statuary, including the ubiquitous soft limestone of the desert cliffs that line most of the Nile valley, as well as sandstone, calcite, and schist. In 1908, George Reisner found eight triads representing Pharaoh Menkaure, the goddess Hathor, and various provinces of Egypt. He illustrates this image from the simplistic posture of the individual rather then elaborating on jewelry or clothes. The southernmost is associated with Menkaure (Mykerinos, in Greek), the fifth king of the 4th Dynasty. From there, it continues through a horizontal passage to the chamber, which is four meters high. by curvilinear forms. 1.the pharaoh menkaure and his queen period and era it was - Brainly this new age, this new religion, from Egypt's past. . Menkaure was the eldest son of Pharaoh Khafre, the grandson of Khufu (Cheops), and ruled in the middle of the third millennium BC, from about 2490 to -2473, though the length of Menkaure's reign is uncertain. The artist of the sculpture is unknown. It's one of many theories. Stories abound about the era in art and the push from abstraction to non-representation, with several artists claiming to have led the breakthrough. Figure 4. This is a collection of images based on the bible story of The Birth of Moses.The images in this set are:Pharaoh, baby Moses in basket, baby Moses, Miriam by the water, Moses's mother sad, mother holding Moses, word art, Pharaoh angry, princess finding Moses in the water, princess, pyramid, soldier, soldier reading proclamation26 images (13 in . His eldest son was Crown Prince Khuenre, the son of Queen Khamerernebty II, who died at an early age, before his father. BETH HARRIS: When we The development of this idea was perhaps an inevitable phase of the abstraction and explorations of the formal means that had been conducted by various movements that evolved in nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Direct link to Polina Viti's post After Akhenaten's death (, Posted 3 years ago. We think that this is a There is a sense of the individual in both faces. Fragment of a sphinx of King Menkaure (Mycerinus) was unearthed in Late Bronze Age Hazor in a context postdating Menkaure's reign by more than a thousand years. Findspot: Egypt, Giza, Menkaura Valley Temple Medium/Technique Greywacke Dimensions Overall: 142.2 x 57.1 x 55.2 cm, 676.8 kg (56 x 22 1/2 x 21 3/4 in., 1492.1 lb.) Menkaure: The pharaoh of the 4th dynasty of the Old Kingdom of Egypt, son of Khafre and grandson of Khufu. (Figure 4.3) Artistically gifted and thoroughly trained, she went on to deepen her own knowledge and to hone her skills by visiting farms, veterinarian dissections, and slaughterhouses in order to develop extensive knowledge of her preferred subject matter, with which she created imagery of animals and other features of rural farm life. ), graywacke, c. 2490-2472 BCE (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston). (Figure 4.4) A Quaker minister, Hicks treated his painting at first as a supplemental avocation, then as his primary means of supporting his family. It was meant to distinguish She seems to be, perhaps, Block (Wooden skirts and two top): 53.3 x 180 x 179.7 cm (21 x 70 7/8 x 70 3/4 in.) The human figures in the painting are depicted with their head in profile, the eyes and shoulders viewed frontally and with the hips, legs and feet in profile. When you the face on profile you can see that it looks very lifelike. Egyptian art and architecture - Sculpture | Britannica Menkaure and his queen. Ancient Egyptian Art: King Menkaure and queen Many societies indicated womens subordination to mens status through documents showing how women were not able to participate in government duties, not being allowed a proper education and the inequality between slave men and slave women., Hatshepsut was the fourth female pharaoh in Egyptian history, and was considered one of the greatest rulers, male or female, of her time. This necessity resulted in the idealization of the natural physical form. The pharaoh has his fists clenched around two round objects and has one foot forward, The main figures take up almost entirely the whole piece and their whole bodies are shown. Menkaure and His Queen: 1. Discovery The drawing surface would be delineated using gridded guidelines, snapped onto the wall using string coated in red pigment dust (very much like chalk lines used by modern carpenters). Another artist bearing investigation in this regard is Theo van Doesburg (1883- 1931, Netherlands), who used his own philosophical probing to frame a systematic path from naturalism in his renditions of the cow to an abstraction that is visually quite far removed from what most of us see in the phenomenal world. They have carved the details out and worked with them to make them as smooth as possible. Khentkaus I, the Queen of the next Pharaoh Shepseskaf, was a daughter of Menkaure; while his second daughter died at an immature age, during the lifetime of her father, as per the record of the Greek historian Herodotus. The sculpture of King Senwosret III has certain characteristics that make it obvious to see that it is an Egyptian work., Throughout Egypt, during the middle empire art evolved as a symbol for power and permanence featuring straight lines and powerful figures; as time passed art evolved again morphing from simply representational images of man to the more idealized and anatomically correct style of Roman art. (the Old Kingdom), and the House Altar, which was produced in 1350 B.C.E. The pyramid of Menkaure has a remarkable interior. He was the son and probably the successor of Khafre and, according to the Turin papyrus, reigned for 18 (or 28) years. with one another and their relationship There are also theories which say he may have been androgynous, a hermaphrodite, etc. He also had a daughter who had a very uncomfortable relationship with her father. This gesture also showed how they did not respect Queen Hatshepsut because they altered her image as a male. Answers: 1 on a question: What period of art they depict the pharaoh menkaure and his queen Menkaure | king of Egypt | Britannica They represent the woman's position and the man's position at that day and age. His second wife was his half-sister Queen Rekhetre. Akhenaten was a monotheist. . In the statue Menkaure and Queen Khamerernebty, the artist portrays these traits through an authoritative vision of the figure. for Akhenaten and Nefertiti. Under Aten's solar disc, the Home Altar . Differences And Similarities Of April And Melanie In The | Bartleby Direct link to S.D. In the broadest terms, if the work has visual reference to the phenomenal world, we consider it to be representational. When you go down to the detail level, especially the face and hands are prominent. He had enough time to build his pyramid as big as the other two pyramids of Giza, but he did not. Photo: Dr. Amy Calvert, CC BY-NC. ), { "4.01:_INTRODUCTION" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.02:_FORMAL_OR_CRITICAL_ANALYSIS" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.03:_TYPES_OF_ART" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.04:_STYLES_OF_ART" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.05:_BEFORE_YOU_MOVE_ON" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_What_is_Art" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_The_Structure_of_Art" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Significance_of_Materials_Used_in_Art" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_Describing_Art" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_Meaning_in_Art" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Connecting_Art_to_Our_Lives" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Form_in_Architecture" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Art_and_Identity" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_Art_and_Power" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_Art_and_Ritual_Life" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_Art_and_Ethics" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "license:ccbysa", "showtoc:no", "authorname:psachantetal", "program:galileo" ], https://human.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fhuman.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FArt%2FBook%253A_Introduction_to_Art_-_Design_Context_and_Meaning_(Sachant_et_al.