[8][9] Some emperors meted out this punishment to the family members of their enemies.[10][11][12][13]. However, they have been mistakenly presented as the pictures of Fu-zhu-li's execution by lingchi. The ancient Chinese torture tactic known as lingchi which translates loosely to slow slicing, lingering death, or death by a thousand cuts was used as a method of execution from the seventh century up until 1905, when it was officially outlawed. Esta coleccin, publicada en 1912, corresponde al asesinato de un sujeto llamado Fu-zhu-li, en ella se muestra la ejecucin de este individuo mediante la muerte por mil cortes, realizada en Pekn el 10 de abril de 1905. It does not store any personal data. Here is the top ten list of the lucky ones. Get every new post delivered right to your inbox. Facebook culturizando.com | Alimenta tu Mente, Instagram culturizando.com | Alimenta tu Mente, Twitter culturizando.com | Alimenta tu Mente, Youtube culturizando.com | Alimenta tu Mente, Tiktok culturizando.com | Alimenta tu Mente. Lingchi ([l]; Chinese: ), translated variously as the slow process, the lingering death, or slow slicing, and also known as death by a thousand cuts, was a form of torture and execution used in China from roughly 900 CE up until the practice ended around the early 1900s. In the Yuan dynasty, 100 cuts were inflicted[15] but by the Ming dynasty there were records of 3,000 incisions. KG Media. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Death By A Thousand Cuts Taiwanese Video Art. Download scientific diagram | 3 Top: Execution of an unknown prisoner by lingchi, detail. It was also used in Vietnam and Korea. 1:Title: EventNature: Execution shq xwng suy w mnxng zsh ah~. Grid Health | [29] Some victims were reportedly given doses of opium to alleviate suffering. 4:Ref. Minors are suggested to get out from this blog due to sensitive issues and graphic contents.The aim of this blog is to inform and educate readers about current events, history and recent happenings around the world. Few of those who now use the phrase death by a thousand cuts will be aware of its origins in lingchi, a highly unpleasant form of execution used in Imperial China, which involved the slicing of the convicted criminals flesh until death ensued. The condemned individual is not likely to have remained conscious and aware (if even alive) after one or two severe wounds, so the entire process could not have included more than a "few dozen" wounds. For other uses, see. Creado y aplicado desde el ao 900 a los sentenciados por delitos como el parricidio y/o matricidio; asimismo, a los que atentaran contra la vida de sus superiores (amos, comandantes, jefes, entre otros). These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Summary: Fu-zhu-li was a guard at the service of the *Mongol prince head of the Aohan (Jehol) banner. The Chinese idiom "" qindo wngu is also a reference to linchi. Chinese characters or symbols usually have one or more meanings, and some of them are particularly loved by Chinese people. On this date in 1905, Fou Tchou-Li suffered the last execution by lingchi in Beijing, for the murder of a Mongolian prince. Unspecified year: Snowball's animal fifth column, 1919: Mehmed Kemal, for the Armenian genocide, 1548: Gonzalo Pizarro and Francisco de Carvajal, 1757: Robert-Francois Damiens, disciplined and punished, 1888: Jochin Henry Timmerman, dont let them take you alive, A Thousand Cuts (2011) | Watch Movie | eBook Free, ExecutedToday.com 1861: Sushun, by Empress Dowager Cixi, ExecutedToday.com 1440: Gilles de Rais, unholy, ExecutedToday.com Unspecified date: British soldiers by urophagia, ExecutedToday.com 1799: Heshen forced to commit suicide, ExecutedToday.com Executed Todays Third Annual Report: Third Time Lucky, ExecutedToday.com 1793: The smitten Adam Lux, ExecutedToday.com Executed Todays Second Annual Report: Once Bitten, Twice Die, ExecutedToday.com 1870: Jean-Baptiste Troppmann, mass murderer, ExecutedToday.com Executed Todays First Annual Report: One Year of Dying Languorously, ExecutedToday.com Nine Executed People Who Make Great Halloween Costumes, 1617: A miller of Manberna, the hangmans last, 2009: Ehsan Fatahian, Iranian Kurdish activist, 1066: John Scotus, sacrificed to Radegast, 1801: Hyacinth Moise, Haitian Revolution general, 1738: George Whalley and Dean Briant, wife-murderers. Hak Cipta Nationalgeographic.CO.ID 2023, Poena Cullei, Hukuman Mati dengan Karung yang Mengerikan di Era Romawi, Phryne, Pelacur Yunani Kuno Bebas Hukuman Mati Bermodalkan Telanjang, Belanda Sudah Meninggalkan Hukuman Mati, Kecuali untuk Hindia Belanda, Sepak Terjang Si 'Janggut Merah', Pelaut Legendaris Kekaisaran Ottoman, Akibat Ramuan Keabadian, Kaisar Tiongkok Jiajing Hampir Dibunuh Harem, James Webb Menguak Galaksi Kaya Logam yang Tersembunyi di Semesta Awal, Kepiluan Perang Saudara Guatemala Lenyapkan Ratusan Ribu Jiwa. shn ch hi'n suy w xmi wi gung. At the very least, such tales were deemed credible to Western observers such as Morrison. im looking at the picture and finding myself mortified at all the other people in it. Ressource_Provider: Jrme Bourgon Despite the variety of English translations for the word, the practice itself was pretty straightforward. While it is difficult to obtain accurate details of how the executions took place, they generally consisted of cuts to the arms, legs, and chest leading to amputation of limbs, followed by decapitation or a stab to the heart. Bobo | :hng mi imi qinm huxi xsh jich gngg cb goqng qingd kob guip qhung rw lnxun xi SuperBall | Otomania.com | Our collections are generally identified with a single individual, in most cases the woman or man who lived and worked in China, and who provides the current owners family link to China. Lingchi was a torture/execution method used in China until it was outlawed in 1905. 2:Title: Lingchi C, Arrival2 The only broad angle shot in the set representing Lingchi C (Fu-zhu-li's execution), showing the huge crowd massed at close range of the executioners and the executed. Updates from Historical Photographs of China: http://hpcbristol.net, Need and opportunity: the new HPC website, Everythings changed, but everythings still the same: HPC update, Location/Dislocation Admiral Keppel, the Chinese Buddha at Sandringham and three key photographs, The Forbidden City at War: Images of the Wartime Evacuation of the Imperial Art Collections, A name, a photograph, and a history of global connections, Normal Lives Led in Abnormal Conditions, Charles Frederick Moores photographs of the ruins of the European-style palaces () at the Yuanmingyuan (), Pieces of China in Bristol cataloguing Historical Photographs of China material, A disturbing intimacy: The Private Papers of C. C. A. Kirke, Jamie Carstairs on Remembering John Thomson in Edinburgh, Guest blog: Nadine Attewell on Refocusing the Gaze: Leisure, Power, and Womens Work in Interwar Hong Kong, Guest blog: Claire Lowrie on Travelling Servants and Moving Images: A Photographic History of Chinese Domestic Workers. [30], Although officially outlawed by the government of the Qing dynasty in 1905,[31] lingchi became a widespread Western symbol of the Chinese penal system from the 1910s on, and in Zhao Erfeng's administration. iDEA | Gridvoice | Dios cre a los hombres, Samuel Colt los hizo iguales, Babilonia: curiosidades del reino perdido, Demuestra tus conocimientos con esta trivia de cultura general. Hence the abolitionist trend is deeply ingrained in the Chinese legal tradition, rather than being purely derived from Western influences. Inspired by the 1905 photos, Chinese artist Chen Chieh-jen created a 25-minute, 2002 video called Lingchi Echoes of a Historical Photograph, which has generated some controversy. Oh dang I heard of this an just imagined they cut all over your body .. not in the same place a thousand times. But the collections of photographs brought to us are often in fact amalgamated from a great variety of different sources. Death of a Thousand Cuts Two of the five slashes requires the use of two keys at the same time. BolaStylo | The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. What are some examples of how providers can receive incentives? ah~. April 10, 1905. In 1542, lingchi was inflicted on a group of palace women who had attempted to assassinate the Jiajing Emperor, along with his favourite concubine, Consort Duan. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. CewekBanget | In many cases we might find that only a minority of images, if that, have actually been taken by the man or woman whose name we have assigned to the collection. MONESTIER, Martin Peines de mort. The Face magazine(? Who is Fu Zhuli? Summary: Fu-zhu-li was a guard at the service of the *Mongol prince head of the Aohan (Jehol) banner. Place_Street: Caishikou Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The name of the studio photographer who took this cheerful photograph remains a mystery alas. 1:Title: Lingchi C 0 tied to the post Fu-zhu-li is tied on the post, his face evincint a moving expression of sorrow. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. : Summary: Fu-zhu-li was a guard at the service of the *Mongol prince head of the Aohan (Jehol) banner. [69] The 2007 film The Warlords, which is loosely based on historical events during the Taiping Rebellion, ended with one of its main characters executed by Lingchi. La condena iniciaba con cortes superficiales, en los que se evitaba daar venas o arterias, luego el verdugo pasaba a perpetuar heridas ms profundas, hasta llegar a cortar trozos de piel del pecho. Its no idle point to say that all this reads quite a lot into a single frame that may not be all that representative of the moment, though that wouldnt necessarily diminish Batailles gist. [citation needed], John Morris Roberts, in Twentieth Century: The History of the World, 1901 to 2000 (2000), writes "the traditional punishment of death by slicing became part of the western image of Chinese backwardness as the 'death of a thousand cuts'." We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Since the nerves are located in the epidermis, the outermost layer of your skin, a microscopic paper cut slices the nerve endings. It was all over. Ive not read Sontag on Bataille, and mores the pity, since she captures the essence of the Bataille problematic in a couple of pithy sentences, a problematic, as she duly notes, that is utterly alien to so much that is modern. Contractor burned and mutilated and hang in public Iraqi thieves stripped naked at gunpoint- Iraq, King Anouvong of Laos paraded naked in Siam(Thailand), Catholic priest stripped naked paraded-India, Michael Rockefeller disappeared in New Guinea, Jan de Witt's violent death- Neatherlands, 10 Belgian soldier castrated and mtilated-Rwanda, Thief stripped paraded naked-India and Africa. 2 What does the expression death by a thousand cuts mean? [42] It became more widely used in the Song dynasty under Emperor Renzong and Emperor Shenzong. Under the reign of Qin Er Shi, the second emperor of the Qin dynasty, multiple tortures were used to punish officials. Otoseken | Place Region: Hebei (Zhili) Place_Street: Caishikou La terrible tortura terminaba con la decapitacin del condenado -si este no mora desangrado-, y la exposicin de su cuerpo desmembrado a la multitud Foto cortesa de: bbs.voc.com.cn.. Kemudian iamemotong anggota tubuhFu Zhuli,lalu akhirnya memenggal kepalanya. The photo shows the execution of Fu Zhuli by Lingchi, April 10, 1905, at Caishikou execution field, Beijing. All entries are continuously edited and altered. Who is Fu Zhuli? This is usually not the case: the photographs have been bought. The method was prescribed in the Liao dynasty law codes,[40] and was sometimes used. Why do Cuts hurt in water? Tom came up behind Fred and, with a deft motion, gave Fred a melvin that he would never forget. This is an essay on a suggestive parallel between photographs of the Chinese torture and execution known as the "death by a thousand cuts," and the routine protocols of art history known as formal analysis and iconography. Yet these small wounds, if incurred with enough frequency, can be deadly. , Your email address will not be published. Articles are published not by actual date. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. We do have less unpalatable examples across our collections, such as these below, of a man posed eating rice from a bowl, and of a pagoda near Fuzhou. Who wrote the music and lyrics for Kinky Boots? Place Country: China We know that they were adept amateur photographers, and we have often been working with their negatives, rather than prints. Water and moisture cause the skin to swell and this can impair wound healing. White Pagoda, Foochow, Wilkinson collection, wi01-03. one more. . The Western perception of lingchi has often differed considerably from actual practice, and some misconceptions persist to the present. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Death by a Thousand Cuts investigates the use of slow slicing or lingchi, a form of torture and capital punishment practised in mid- and late-Imperial China from the tenth century until its abolition in 1905. Fascinating. will obtain advantage from it I am sure. the result of this alterity (or as mark c tayolr would have it, altarity note the religious pun) is that most people misunderstand bataille in critical ways that vitiate much of what they have to say about him. Esta coleccin, publicada en 1912, corresponde al asesinato de un sujeto llamado Fu-zhu-li, en ella se muestra la ejecucin de este individuo mediante la muerte por mil cortes, realizada en Pekn el 10 de abril de 1905. A few details on the criminal and the reasons for his sentencing were published by Carpeaux in 1913, together with two photographs. Motivational and inspirational sources to all those parents to enjoy life with their babies, Home FAQ Can You Actually Die From A Thousand Cuts. Z Li, Y Fu, J Yuan, TS Huang, Y Wu. The punishment worked on three levels: as a form of public humiliation, as a slow and lingering death, and as a punishment after death. 3 What is the opposite of death by a thousand cuts? Caishikou execution field, Beijing. La tortura era observada por todos los presentes Foto cortesa de: bbs.voc.com.cn.. [37][38] Lingchi was known in the Five Dynasties period (907960 CE); but, in one of the earliest such acts, Shi Jingtang abolished it. We see this most obviously in one sub-category of photographs that are quite pervasive: images of executions, including the 1904 and 1905 executions by slow-slicing (lingchi) of Wang Weiqin and Fu Zhuli in Beijing, the execution of the pirates of the ship the Namoa in 1891, and executions carried out in the 1920s and 1930s in Shanghai. give someone a melvin tv. Caishikou execution field . According to the Confucian principle of filial piety, to alter one's body or to cut the body are considered unfilial practices. Nova | 2019 Ted Fund Donors One reviewer wrote that though Sontag includes no photographs in her book a volume about photography "she does tantalisingly describe a photograph that obsessed the philosopher Georges Bataille, in which a Chinese criminal, while being chopped up and slowly flayed by executioners, rolls his eyes heavenwards in transcendent bliss. La muerte por mil cortes o Ling Chi, es solo uno de los tantos mtodos de tortura y asesinato realizados en China en tiempos no tan lejanos. Lingchi is shown as a method of execution in the 2014 TV series The 100. [46] Reports from Qing dynasty jurists such as Shen Jiaben show that executioners' customs varied, as the regular way to perform this penalty was not specified in detail in the penal code. Place City: Beijing Rebel Foday Sankoh-Beaten paraded naked street- Si Robbery suspect paraded naked infront of crowd-India. The 1905 photos are mentioned in Thomas Harris' novel Hannibal[68] and in Julio Cortzar's novel Hopscotch. Why is a front wedgie called a Melvin? Subsequently, one may also ask,where did the phrase death by a thousand cuts come from? Bottom: detail. Wang Weiqin (), a former official who killed two families, executed on 31 October 1904. Oklahoma police say a man killed his stepfather after performing the maneuver usually reserved for high school locker rooms. [14] Elkins also argues that, contrary to the apocryphal version of "death by a thousand cuts", the actual process could not have lasted long. : Photographing 'Chinese Torture' Jrme BOURGON, 1 Ressource_Provider: Jrme BourgonInternal_Type: OCR, 2 Title: Dcoupage de Fou-Tchou-LiRessource_Provider: Jrme BourgonInternal_Type: OCR, GeolocationAsia --> China --> Hebei (Zhili) --> Beijing, Postcards serial Les supplices chinois, n 2, Lingchi C, Untying ponytail from the pole, Lingchi C, view on remains basket in photocard. The flesh of the victims may also have been sold as medicine. This means paper cuts can cause a lot of bleeding because of how concentrated blood can be in your hands. Required fields are marked *, Copyright 2023 ExecutedToday.com :: All Rights Reserved :: A WordPress joint Theme originally by WarAxe at Negative99, modified by Brian at Logjamming Contact the Headsman, Agony and ecstasy? You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. "[28], According to apocryphal lore, lingchi began when the torturer, wielding an extremely sharp knife, began by putting out the eyes, rendering the condemned incapable of seeing the remainder of the torture and, presumably, adding considerably to the psychological terror of the procedure. Parapuan | "Biasanya algojo, setelah membuat beberapa luka, menikam jantung orang yang terhukum untuk mengakhiri mimpi buruk itu," tambahnya. The method of Lingchi was also described in the 2018 TV series Orange is the New Black. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. Lingchi (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ), translated variously as the slow process, the lingering death, or slow slicing, . 1 What is death by a thousand cuts China? The appalling images were accepted by the postal service, and some cards were actually mailed. NEPA retiree dies after drinking womens urine Nationalgeographic.co.idPada musim dingin tahun 19041905, di Beijing, seorang pengawal bernama Fu Zhuli dituduh membunuh tuannya, seorang pangeran Mongol, dengan pisau daging. Final Version of My Essay - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. MakeMac | In Ancient China, death by 1,000 cuts was a torturous form of execution performed on the most notorious criminals. Who is Fu Zhuli? [35] Gao Yang killed only six people by this method,[36] and An Lushan killed only one man. More, these are western interpretations of projections upon an image marked as fundamentally outside in a tableau irresistibly blending the colonizer and the colonized. ()():yshnjinchxingynmtiqngnngchngyuhuxuntngl These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. I think its this book you mean, Sal? Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Este tipo de sentencia fue utilizado hasta principios del siglo XX, en el territorio chino, para llevar a cabo incontables penas de muerte. Intisari Plus | 2:Ref. These cookies do not store any personal information. BATAILLE, Georges Les larmes d'Eros, 1 Title: FarabeufRessource_Provider: Jrme BourgonInternal_Type: Scan, GeolocationAsia --> China --> Hebei (Zhili) --> Beijing, Lingchi B, 1 Tying the convict to the post, Lingchi B, 2 tying the convict to the post. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. GRID Story Factory | ID: 10 Fuli Ancient Town is 8 kilometers (4.9 miles) away from Yangshuo in Guilin and has a history of over 1,000 years. : Formerly Varrick's assistant, she finished tasks with stoic efficiency. In some cases we can certainly state with great confidence that the images in, for example, the G. Warren Swire or Fu Bingchang collections, were taken by Swire or by Fu. When How do papercuts happen? We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. While not requiring emergency medical care, a nasty paper cut stings more than a trip to the dentist on Tax Day. Smiling man with a bowl of rice, Chatterton collection, Ch-s17. What are the symbols of death in Buddhism? Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Gramedia.com | The Banshee also symbolizes the coming of death in Irish Mythology. Smiling man with a bowl of rice , from the book Shanghai (published by Max Nssler, c.1907). Wiken | Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The French writer George Batailles Todo el proceso se realizaba en una plaza pblica. Right bicep gone. Gridstore.id | While this is the most dramatic example of the practice, many other images in peoples collections were also purchased from shops, and advertisements in newspapers and guidebooks highlight the fact that shops and studios had images to sell. The ancient Chinese torture tactic known as lingchi which translates loosely to "slow slicing," "lingering death," or "death by a thousand cuts" was used as a method of execution from the . The flesh was then cut from the body in multiple slices in a process that was not specified in detail in Chinese law, and therefore most likely varied. Sinolog dan sejarawan Eropa pernah menyaksikan eksekusi lingchi secara langsung. The Another early proposal for abolishing lingchi was submitted by Lu You (11251210) in a memorandum to the imperial court of the Southern Song dynasty. What does it mean that the Bible was divinely inspired? This does not detract at all from the quality and unique interest of the collections that we have seen or that you might have. Top: whole. Chaos . A scene of Lingchi appeared in the 1966 film The Sand Pebbles. The execution was ordered in the last days of the Qing Dynasty, which had long been substantially beholden to European states, especially the British; the prisoner was apparently administered opium to numb the pain, the very product Britain had gone to war to force China to accept. Why are finger cuts so painful? over 35 large-scale manufacturing plants and 165 production lines, 380 units of high-speed packaging equipment, able to produce, sort and pack over 600 different types of confectionery products such as candies, pastries, sachima, chocolates and jelly cup. Luego de que la droga surtiera efecto, el reo era llevado a una plaza pblica donde se le ataba a un poste, de forma tal que su pecho quedara al descubierto hacia el verdugo correspondiente. Hand soap, shampoo, shower gel and detergent can also irritate the wound. The photographs are now found, either printed on glass (for the stereos only) or on paper prints (essay: Photographic Processes). Gramedia Digital | Search Reddit posts and comments - see average sentiment, top terms, activity per day and more Summary: Fu-zhu-li was a guard at the service of the . On New Years eve (*February 1905), he murdered the prince (essay: The Fu-zhu-li case). 55: Directed by Ramona Diaz, it explores the conflicts between the press and the Filipino government under President Rodrigo Duterte. [19] Some emperors ordered three days of cutting[20][21] while others may have ordered specific tortures before the execution,[22] or a longer execution. Das Buch zeigt Fotos des letzten offiziellen Lingchi, der Hinrichtung von Fu Zhuli (alte Transkription Fou Chou Li), einer Wache im Dienste des mongolischen Prinzen Ao-Han-Quan. Ressource_Provider: Jrme Bourgon Hukuman yang ditetapkan oleh kode Qing untuk menghukum kejahatan yang begitu serius (pembunuhan massal, pembunuhan ayah, pembunuhan ibu, dan lainnya) adalah eksekusi yang dikenal dengan sebutan lingchi. Conoces el Ling Chi, la muerte por mil cortes? Spencer Compton- Earl Northampton corpse paraded n New student initiation-Stripped paraded naked stab B-29 Crew member Vivisection, Experimented by the Douglas Brian Peterson paraded in Vietnam, Policemen kidnapped and tortured by rebels. This convict cannot be confused with the genuine Fu-zhu-li as he appears in Matignon, Carpeaux's books, and different sets of photography and postcards. The term lingchi first appeared in a line in Chapter 28 of the third-century BCE philosophical text Xunzi. Al hacer clic en "ACEPTO", aceptas el uso de todas las cookies. Why does blood make a complete loop throughout the body? Who came up with death by a thousand cuts? Un crimen macabro: Qu pas con el hijo de Lindbergh? wedgie in American English (wdi ) US. His story was nevertheless used by Georges Bataille in 1961 as a source on another lingchi execution (* to fiches "pseudo" Fu-zhu-li) (essay: Executions by Lingchi). Title: Execution by lingchi of pseudo-Fu-zhu-li We might now assume that a photograph we took ourselves would be a more authentic record of our experience, but this was not necessarily a view held by visitors or residents in the past. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". one other note in this rambling comment post i suggest a contrast with the witch subjected to burning in Bergmans Seventh Seal, and the (films) heros interpretation of the look on *her* face. Date Accuracy: Dubious This will reduce the chance of infection and help the wound heal quickly. Two weeks after this date, China abolished the punishment for good. 3) Killer Cross. Zurich, chronicling the torture and eventual death of the man who Escafismo: Conoce la tortura ms terrible e inhumana de la historia. It shows a beautiful view of a Man eating Rice with Chop Sticks. heart. Summary: Fu-zhu-li was a guard at the service of the *Mongol prince head of the Aohan (Jehol) banner. Baca Juga: Poena Cullei, Hukuman Mati dengan Karung yang Mengerikan di Era Romawi, Baca Juga: Phryne, Pelacur Yunani Kuno Bebas Hukuman Mati Bermodalkan Telanjang, Baca Juga: Belanda Sudah Meninggalkan Hukuman Mati, Kecuali untuk Hindia Belanda. and thanks for the (quite appropriate) nod on sebastian. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. second was a series of photographs a friend showed him in art school in We see this most obviously in one sub-category of photographs that are quite pervasive: images of executions, including the 1904 and 1905 executions by slow-slicing (lingchi) of Wang Weiqin and Fu Zhuli in Beijing, the execution of the pirates of the ship the Namoa in 1891, and executions carried out in the 1920s and 1930s in Shanghai.