NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. Neuroscience. This phenomenon may be explained by the varied radiation dosage adopted in these studies. Identification of a novel rat nr2b subunit gene promoter region variant and its association with microwave-induced neuron impairment. P Nat Acad. 2000;284:30017. PLoS One. 2003;80:177. Behav Brain Res. pability of the body (thus, a thermal effect), whereas the standard of the U.S.S.R. and Poland are based upon the interaction of the microwave fields with the brain and central nervous system as measured by neurological or behavior effects. J Natl Cancer Inst. The strength of the electric field (rms value) at the sample position was 10V/m. Li Z, Peng RY, Wang SM, Wang LF, Gao YB, Ji D, et al. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Cull-Candy SG, Leszkiewicz DN. Decreased expression of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes of oxidative phosphorylation in association neocortex in Alzheimer disease. [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. Caubet R, Pedarros-Caubet F, Chu M, Freye E, de Belem RM, Moreau J, et al. Schz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Johansen C. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: update of a nationwide Danish cohort. Clinics. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. Wang et al. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. [101] exposed rats to microwave radiation at frequencies of 0, 900, 1800 and 2450MHz (SARs: 0, 0.59, 0.58 and 0.66mW/kg, respectively) using a transverse electromagnetic cell for 2months for 2h/d, 5 d/week. Bioelectromagnetics. Maternal exposure to Wi-Fi radio frequencies led to various adverse neurological effects in the offspring. Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Potu BK, Nayak S, Mailankot M. Spatial memory perfomance of wistar rats exposed to mobile phone. The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). Specifically, the Federal Communications . [37] exposed male Wistar rats (1012weeks old) to a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) (900/1800MHz) mobile phone that was in vibrating mode (i.e., no ring tone). Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999;9:3438. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. 1996;180:917. Neurosci Lett. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . Zhao L, Sun C, Xiong L, Yang Y, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. 1984;11:4760. Wang H, Peng R, Zhou H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. 2014:125. Using a ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links. The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. J Med Food. Chin J Birth Health Hered. 2002;57:2702. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. biological effects of electromagnetic waves started to be discussed. 2004;23:20114. Behav Brain Res. Thus, these results suggest that the 2.4W/kg GSM 1800MHz microwaves may reduce excitatory synaptic activity and the number of excitatory synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Relationship between cognition function and hippocampus structure after long-term microwave exposure. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. The results showed that 2.1GHz W-CDMA-modulated microwave radiation did not cause apoptotic cell death but altered cell cycle progression [79]. 2012;31:25074. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Bashan M, Buyukbayram H. Does 900 MHZ GSM mobile phone exposure affect rat brain? Qutob S, Chauhan V, Bellier P, Yauk C, Douglas G, Berndt L, et al. Interphone study group. Article Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg. Additionally, people exposed to military microwave sources were more vulnerable to brain tumors. Chandrasekaran K, Hatanp K, Rapoport SI, Brady DR. [84] and Sharma et al. [105] identified stable C-T mutation sites at 217 points by screening for SNPs in the GRIN2B promoter region in rats. Sleep EEG alterations: effects of pulsed magnetic fields versus pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields. Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Knnl S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, et al. 2016;53:210011. The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). 2016;397:2239. The hazard for human health from the electromagnetic radiations well be. In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. Sanders AP, Joines WT. -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, Cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition, Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone, International agency for research on cancer, Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, Scientific committee on emerging and newly identified health risks. The potential mechanisms underlying these damaging effects range from gene expression alterations in the respiratory chain, membrane damage, Ca2+ overloading, and DNA impairment [122,123,124,125,126,127,128]. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . [80] found that irradiation with 900MHz, 2W/kg continuous microwaves for 24h induced an increase in rat neuronal apoptosis. Additionally, in the 2.4W/kg group, neuronal filopodial density and activity were lower on day 8, and there was a reduction of the dendritic spine maturity on day 14. It is widely accepted that protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites and may be the cellular basis of learning and memory, during which local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity are closely linked to the efficiency of communication between neurons. Xu et al. Google Scholar. 2017;52:23947. Google Scholar. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. 2010;86:37683. In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. Article The results showed that at 6h, 1 d and 3 d after exposure, the groups in which the average power density was 10mW/cm2 or 50mW/cm2 displayed significant deficits in spatial learning and memory. Many studies have been made on the biological effects of microwave radiation. frequency range from 1GHz to 10^6 GHz. To investigate the effects of 2.4GHz Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration in rats, a cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition (CMOR) task was performed by four variations of the spontaneous object recognition (SOR) test including the standard SOR, tactile SOR, visual SOR, and CMOR tests. CAS In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3]. CAS Terms and Conditions, In a report by the Poland Department of Microwave Safety, occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields was analyzed in the work environment of personnel of 204 devices divided into 5 groups (surface-to-air missile system radars, aircraft and helicopters, communication devices, surveillance and height finder radars, airport radars and radio navigation systems). Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. 2014;9:e95503. Thurczy G, Kubinyi G, Bodo M, Bakos J, Szabo L. Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. 2015;91:55561. However,. This damage plays a key role in the structural and functional changes that are accelerated by neuronal degeneration. Eastern J Med. Bioelectromagnetics. After exposure to microwave irradiation (an average power density of 30mW/m2 for 5min/d on five days a week for two consecutive months), the expression of NR2B was decreased in rats, the level of Glu was increased in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, spatial memory ability was decreased among rats with the TT genotype, and there was no change in the CC type and TC type animals. [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. Synaptic plasticity is a special function of synapses, which play an important role in learning and memory processes [46], including structural and functional plasticity. Neurol Sci. Int J Epidemiol. WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. 2003;80:194210. 2013;23:306. Privacy Li HJ, Peng RY, Wang CZ, Qiao SM, Yong Z, Gao YB, et al. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. Harris KM. Concurrently, in the hippocampus, acetylcholine can promote learning and memory [115, 116]. Iran J Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. Arch Environ Health. 2001;93:2037. Verma et al. Many recent studies have reported that microwaves exposure affects EEG results [54,55,56,57]. 2015;51:15865. Dasdag S, Balci K, Ayyildiz M, Celik M, Tekes S, Kaplan A. Zhang et al. Shahin found that regardless of whether exposure was long-term or short-term, 2.45GHz microwaves increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, which potentially led to apoptosis in hippocampal subfield neurons and non-neuronal cells as a result of p53-dependent/independent activation. Google Scholar. 2003;14:2436. Neuroreport. However, Li et al. 2000;6:18793. [81] reported a study exploring the influence of mobile phone microwave radiation on oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat brains. Pathophysiology. Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? PubMedGoogle Scholar. [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. Describes the health effects on six men exposed to high levels of RF radiation (100 MHz) while working on transmission masts. Cordless phone in power levels very high and microwave frequency level also high. Cobb et al. Neurobiol Learn Mem. Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. 2015;28:1324. We should ensure that we avoid excessive exposure to microwave radiation in daily life activities and use mobile phones appropriately despite information about its positive effects. Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;22:9927. 2007;96:218196. Reduction of Phosphorylated Synapsin I (Ser-553) leads to spatial memory impairment by attenuating GABA release after microwave exposure in Wistar rats. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. The three groups were further divided into two groups according to their years of service (up to 10years and >10years) to investigate the effect of years of exposure to radar. These conclusions are presented in Table2. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. Cellular telephones and cancera nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Most matter, including the human body, is largely . Military Medical Research Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. . RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. Blood biochemical parameters of the radio-link station. Zhang Y, Li Z, Gao Y. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. An increase in anxiety-related behaviors and a decrease in depression-related behavior were observed in both female and male offspring. However, these experimental results remain to be supported in repeated experiments [40,41,42]. Electromagn Biol Med. Neurobiol Learn Mem. Zhao L, Peng RY, Gao YB, Wang SM, Wang LF, Dong J, et al. Behav Brain Res. In long-term epidemiological investigations of large population with occupational exposure, the results have not been consistent. The former is now recognized worldwide as a method for evaluating learning and memory, while the latter is viewed as more susceptible to other factors. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. 2008;49:16370. Starting with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site, Wang et al. 2013;73:4737. Microwaving Food Leads to a Negative Impact on Human Physiology & the Heart. Bioelectromagnetics. The biological effects of microwave and RF are difficult to quantify, but one method, which in-volves the determination of the relation-ship between the body mass-averaged Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. Neurosci Lett. miRNAs are non-coding sequences with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that have roles in cell development and differentiation and are also linked to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. Effect of a 915-MHz simulated mobile phone signal on cognitive function in man. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Ning et al. 2013;34:58998. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. 2000;11:4135. Google Scholar. 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Neuroreport. [103] found that microwave radiation caused DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks in vivo in populations submitted to occupational exposure, and the incidence of micronuclei in lymphocytes was significantly increased. [61] found that after pregnant rats were irradiated with 9.417GHz microwaves, the behavior of their offspring differed, and the outcome was sex-dependent. Ongwijitwat S, Wong-Riley MT. However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. radiations. Surg Neurol. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. Occupational Medicine (London) 50.1 (January 2000):49-56. Raised glucose levels enhance scopolamine-induced acetylcholine overflow from the hippocampus: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat. 2006;27:16471. For example, people who have used mobile phones for more than 10years have a clearly higher risk of brain tumors. 2013;42:428. 2014;70:84555. In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. 2015;56:2618. Reactive oxygen species levels and DNA fragmentation on astrocytes in primary culture after acute exposure to low intensity microwave electromagnetic field. They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. Merola et al. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. In addition, glucose is also related to cognitive functions, and reductions in the metabolism and uptake of glucose have been observed in local regions of the brain in Alzheimers patients [107, 108]. Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. Moreover, the popularization of mobile phones has made them the main source of brain exposure to radiation. Bull Exp Biol Med. Am J Epidemiol. As a result, the existing data exhibit poor reproducibility and comparability. Their answers to questionnaires showed that the workers suffered from symptoms including headaches, fatigue, stress and sleeplessness. 1984;4:285665. Qiao et al. Int J Radiat Biol. This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. Phot J. World J Biol Chem. Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. 2012;31:6774. Cell Biochem Biophys. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. 1984;5:6370. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields.